Biochemistry & Nutrition

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Amino Acid Composition of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Mohanty, B.; Mahanty, A.; Ganguly, S.; Sankar, T.V.; Chakraborty, K.; Anandan, R.; Paul, B.N.; Sarma, D.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Behera, B.K.; Aftabuddin, Md.; Debnath, D.; Vijayagopal, P.; Sridhar, N.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sahi, N.; Mitra, T.; Banerjee, S.; Paria, P.; Das, D.; Das, Pushpita; Vijayan, K.K.; Laxmanan, K.K.; Sharma, A.P.
Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and plays important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine.The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs.
Anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats
(Pharma Intelligence, 2015) Louis, T.; Yuvaraj, P.; Madhavachandran, V.; Anandan, R.
To evaluate the anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of Ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Different extracts (hexane, ethanol and water, 50 mg/kg) of A. malabarica stem bark were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days and blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats were monitored at one week intervals. Lipid profiles of the treated diabetic rats were determined after the period of treatment. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats in 21 days treatment. The ethanol extract showed a comparable action with the reference drug, glibenclamide. The ethanol extract exerted a significant reduction in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and phospholipids, and increase in HDL levels of the diabetic rats. However, water and hexane extract of A. malabarica stem bark did not show any such beneficial effects. . These results suggest that the ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark possesses anti diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and this justifies its usage in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.
Anti-ulcerogenic effect of chitin and chitosan on mucosal antioxidant defence system in HCl-ethanol-induced ulcer in rats
(2004) Anandan, R.; Nair, P.G.V.; Mathew, S.
Anti-viral properties of carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide derived from marine red algae against Covid 19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection- Future prospective
(IJSEAS, 2021) P, Amruth; P., Akshay; Jacob M., Rosemol; Anandan, R.; Mathew, Suseela
The novel coronavirus (nCoV) disease COVID-19, triggered by SARS-CoV-2 is a major threat caused to the public health in the 21th century. Combating the same is a herculean challenge for the scientific world. This is represented as the third corona virus outbreak in preceding 20 years, followed by SARS (2002- 2003) and MERS (2012). However, there is no clinically effective drugs against COVID-19 virus infection. For International medical community, development of effective drugs to avoid and cure a viral attack is an urgent requisite during this time. As a consequence, we have piloted an organised review presenting the anti-viral prospective of carrageenan, a sulphated galactan derived from red seaweed. Sulphated polysaccharides are demonstrated as potential antiviral that can intrude the initial stages of viral infections, have wide prospects in anti-corona virus applications. Carrageenan and its oligosaccharides are well reported for its anti-viral properties; chiefly via the obstruction of the attachment stage of virus. The current review presents the survey of antiviral prospective of carrageenan and aims to provide new approach to researchers for exploring seaweed polysaccharides to develop effective therapy against strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Antiaging effect of dietary chitosan supplementation on glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in young and aged rats
(Springer, 2013) Anandan, R.; Ganesan, B.; Obulesu, T.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Lakshmanan, P.T.; Zynudheen, A.A.
Aging has been defined as the changes that occur in living organisms with the passage of time that lead to functional impairment and ultimately to death. Free radical induced oxidative damage has long been thought to be the present study, an attempt has been made to study the salubrious effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan significantly reduced the age-associated dyslipidemic abnormalities noted in the levels of total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in plasma and heart tissue. its administration significantly (P<0.05) attenuated the oxidative stress in the heart tissue of aged rats through the enzymatic (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) status at levels comparable to that of normal young rats. our results conclude that dietary intake of chitosan restores the depleted myocardial antioxidant status and suggest that it could be an effective therapeutic agent in treatment of age-associated disorders where hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress are the major causative factors.
Antioxidant Defence of Dietary Squalene Supplementation on n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Young and Aged Rats
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2015, 2015) Obulesu, T.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Ganesan, B.; Krishna, G.; Lakra, W. S.; Asha, K.K.
Oxidative stress-induced aberrations in fatty acid composition of central nervous system during progression of aging are known to alter homeostatic processes of the whole organism. Antioxidants that accumulate in brain and neural tissue are potential candidates for prevention or treatment of disorders involving oxidative damage during disease progression. In the present study, an attempt was made to examine the antioxidant effect of squalene against n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-mediated oxidative stress in young and aged rats with respect to the changes in lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status. Dietary co-intake of squalene significantly attenuated n-3 PUFA mediated oxidative stress in different regions of brain tissue of young and aged rats and maintained the cerebral antioxidant status at near normalcy. Though per se dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA significantly elevated the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant levels in young rats, it diminished the antioxidant profiles in aged brain striatum, cortex and hippocampus regions. The results of the present study indicated that the combined dietary supplementation of squalene and n-3 PUFA might be a viable therapeutic strategy to ameliorate ageassociated oxidative stress in brain tissue.
Antioxidant defence of L-glutamine on mitochondrial function in experimentally induced myocardial infraction in rats
(Egyptian British Biological Society, 2013) Anandan, R.; Kumar, S.H.S.; Ganesan, B.; Mathew, S.; Lakshmanan, P.T.
Myocardial infraction is a major public health concern and the leading cause of all over the world. A better understanding of the processes involved in myocardial infraction has stimulated the search for biomolecules, which could limit the myocardial injury. we determined the protective activity of L-glutamine on mitochondrial function in isoprenaline induced myocardial infraction in rats, an animal model of myocardial infraction in man. Oral pre-treatment with glutamine significanly inhibited the isoprenaline-induced changes in the levels of troponin T and homocysteine in the plasma. It conserved the activities of tricarboxylic acid cyle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase) and respiratiory marker enzyme (NADH dehydrogenase) and the level of myocardial ATP content at levels comparable to that of normal controls. its also attenuated isoprenaline-induced oxidative stress in rat mitochondria and cardioprotective effect of glutamine can be correlated directly with its ability to activate the energy status and antioxidant defence system.
Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Springer-Verlag, 2010) Ganesan, B.; Buddhan, S.; Anandan, R.; Sivakumar, R.; Anbinezhilan, R.
We investigated the antioxidant preventive effect of betaine on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats. Isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction was manifested by a moderate elevation in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) and homocysteine in plasma of experimental rats. Significant rise in the level of lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decline in the levels of myocardial non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was also observed. Oral pretreatment with betaine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced alterations in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes and homocysteine in plasma of experimental groups of rats. It counteracted the isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the myocardial antioxidant defense system at near normal. Histopathological observations also confirmed the protective effect of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The results of the present investigation indicate that the protective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to strengthen the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property.
Antioxidant potential of water hyacinth (eichornia crassipes): In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic composition
(Taylor & Francis, 2013) Surendraraj, A.; Farvin, K.H.S.; Anandan, R.
The aims of the present study were (a) to extract and quantify the main phenolic acids and tocopherols from the petiole, leaves, and flowers of Eichornia crassipes; (b) to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the extracts in four in vitro systems (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging ability, iron chelating activity, reducing power, and prevention of oxidation in a liposome model system); and (c) its effectiveness in retarding lipid peroxidation in fish oil by accelerated stability test. Significant differences were observed in total and individual phenolic contents and in the antioxidant activities of extracts from the various parts of E. crassipes. Out of the 11 phenolic acids analyzed, ethanolic extracts contained high amounts of gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas, water extracts contained less amounts of a varied number of phenolic acids. Ethanolic extracts of flower, which contained the highest total phenolic content, were found to have high DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. However, ethanolic extracts of leaf exerted a high Fe2+ chelating activity and also inhibited lipid peroxidation process both in liposomes and fish oil. Our results demonstrate that E. crassipes, an underutilized aquatic weed, could be a potential natural antioxidant source for food, feed, and pharmaceutical applications.
Antioxidant, functional properties and amino acid composition of pepsin-derived protein hydrolysates from whole tilapia waste as influenced by pre-processing ice storage
(2017) Tejpal, C.S.; Vijayagopal, P.; Elavarasan, K.; Linga Prabhu, D.; Lekshmi, R.G.K.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Mathew, S.
Application of collagen and collagen peptides in human nutrition: a review
(ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 2016) Vijayan, D.K.; Sreerekha, P.R.; Jayarani, R.; Vimaladevi, S.; Navaneethan, R.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Mathew, S.; Mohanty, B.P.; Anandan, R.
An Appraisal of Seaweed Industry in India at Global Level: Impact on Livelihood and Environment and Future Prospects
(Journal of Global Communication, 2021) R, Gopika; T.S, Fazil; P, Amruth; Geethalakshmi, V.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, Suseela
The rapid growth of the global population has emphasized the necessity of searching the existing resource for novel bioactive compounds. Seaweeds are marine macroalgae reported to possess pronounced bioactive compounds ascertained with remarkable properties that attributes to their biological functionality. The market demand of seaweed has spurred in light due to their impeccable properties to act as gelling, emulsifying and stabilising agents which are widely exploited in the field of food, pharmaceutics, biomedicine and cosmetics. There exists a requisite to expand seaweed cultivation on a larger scale globally to explore their bioactive constituents which significantly contribute to raise global economy. Seaweed industry emerged as a fast-growing sector and provides livelihood to millions of people around the world. Moreover, the incorporation of seaweed in functional foods and nutraceuticals can pave the way for diminishing the concerns of malnutrition, especially in developing countries. Consequently, the development of the seaweed industry sheds new insights in the field of pharmaceutics and biomedicine. In this review, the utilisation of seaweeds, the growth of seaweed industry, production trends of seaweeds are cited. It also gives a comprehension about the consumer perception of seaweed-based products, the role played by women in the cultivation of seaweeds along with the future research aspects and challenges in the seaweed industry.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, 2005) Anandan, R.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer is used to determine the concentration of elements present in a sample by the measurement of absorption of the characteristic radiation by the atomic vapour of the element. It is based on the principle that when radiation characteristic of a particular element passes through an atomic vapour of the same element, absorption of radiation occurs in proportion to concentration of atoms in the light path. By measuring the amount of light absorbed, a quantitative determination of the amount of analyte element present can be made. The use of special light sources and careful selection of wavelength allow the specific quantitative determination of individual elements in the presence of others. The ease and speed at which precise and accurate determinations can be made with this technique have made atomic absorption one of the most popular methods for the determination of metals.
Authentication of Two Bio-Active Fish Oils by Qualitative Lipid Profiling Using Semi-Targeted Approach: An Exploratory Study
(Journal of AOAC International, 2020) S. Chatterjee, Niladri; Singh, Akanksha; Vishnu, K .V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Ashok Kumar, K.; Mathew, Suseela
Background: Fish oils, which are rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have emerged as promising functional foods in the global health and wellness food market. Their source regarding the fish type, season, and location of harvesting might influence the nutritional value of such bioactive oils and determine their market price. The differences in price among such oils often lead to economically motivated mislabeling and adulteration. Objective: In this study, our objective was to demonstrate how a qualitative targeted shotgun lipid profile workflow using an electrospray ionization-quadrupole-linear ion trap MS (QTrap) could differentiate fish oils originating from two different species. Methods: Five samples each of sardine (Sardinella longiceps) oil and shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were diluted to a concentration of 80 µg/mL in chloroform-methanol (1 + 2, v/v) with 5 mM ammonium acetate. These samples were directly infused into a QTrap MS. The data were acquired for 23 precursor ion and 4 neutral loss scan experiments in the positive ionization mode and compared. Results: We identified the following major lipid classes: cholesteryl ester, diacyl glycerol, triacylglycerol, monoalkyldiacylglycerol, and phophatydyl choline. The relative peak areas of the identified lipid species, when subjected to supervised multivariate analysis, could effectively distinguish the sardine oil and shark liver oil. Conclusions: The approach will be useful in establishing authenticity of fish oil and to support the regulatory agencies in dispute resolution. It can also be extended to establish authenticity in other agricultural and food commodities. Highlights: This paper reports a proof of concept for authenticating PUFA-rich fish supplements. A shotgun targeted lipidomics profile and chemometrics modeling successfully discriminated sardine oil and shark liver oil.
Authentication of two bio-active fish oils by qualitative lipid profiling using semi-targeted approach: an exploratory study
(2020) Chatterjee, N.S.; Singh, A.; Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Kumar, K.A.; Mathew, S.
Bio-modulation of functional, mechanical, optical and thermal properties of carrageenan based films and future application prospects- review
(International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2021) P, Amruth; T.S, Fazil; Treesa Paul, Preethy; P, Akshay; Anandan, R.; Mathew, Suseela
Carrageenan is an anionic, hydrophilic sulphated galactan derived from cell wall of marine red seaweed, gained considerable attention in the area of food, pharmaceutics, and biomedicine due to their remarkable physico-mechanical, thermal, rheological and surface –active properties. Despite, they are well noted for their pronounced biological activities. As a natural polymer, carrageenan gained critical significance due to their biodegradability, non-cyotoxicity, biocompatibility and bio-availability in various spectrums of applications. The film forming efficacy of kappa and iota forms of carrageenan is exemplary and gains critical attention in the area of wound care management and food technology. The optical, functional and mechanical properties offered by carrageenan based films are exceptional and has great application prospects in the optimization and development of food packaging and wound dressing materials. Therefore, the current review presents the property enhancement techniques to modulate physico-mechanical, optical, thermal and biological properties of carrageenan based films to approach novel insights in the field of food technology and wound care management.
Biochemical analyses in seafood and seafood products - basic concepts
(ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 2019) Fazil, T.S.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.
Biochemical and histopathological studies on lead nitrate induced toxicity in fresh water fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)
(Pelagia Research Library, 2015) Mary, S.C.H.; Bhuvaneswari, D.; Anandan, R.
Fish species were recently suggested as environmental biomarkers. Measuring heavy metals in aquatic organisms may be a bioindicators of their impact on organisms and ecosystem health. From bioaccumulation studies, the proportion of lead was found to be significantly higher in different tissues of fish. In the present study the acute toxicity of lead nitrate was analyzed by the exposure of the lead nitrate to the fresh water fish Grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) at the time interval of 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 96hrs in the concentration of (5.15 mg/l). The vital organs like Gill, Liver, and muscle tissues showed pronounced effect on the activity of enzymes GOT (Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), GPT (Glutamate pyruvate transaminase) ALP, and Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The antioxidant activity was also evaluated. A significant decreased in the activity of enzymes GOT, GPT, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) was noted. The enzymes ALP and ACP levels were found to be increased in all the tissues. Histopathological examination of liver, gill and muscle revealed the cellular degeneration, inflammation of the organs due to metal induced free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Biochemical and microbiological characteristics of salt fermented Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2005) Majumdar, R.K.; Basu, S.; Anandan, R.
Lona ilish is a salt fermented product from Hilsa is very popular in Bangladesh and norteastern part of India due to its typical flavour and aroma. Biochemical composition including amino acid profile of both raw hisa fish lona ilish has been studied. A significant variation was observed in amino acid profile of the product as compared to the raw fish. Bacterial flora of the fermented product comprised of Micrococcus and Bacillus species.
Biochemical changes in fish feeds and ingredients during storage
(Society of Fisheries Techonologists (India), 2004) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
The changes in major biochemical components of three fish feeds (1000 Grower 15+, 3000 Grower and 6000 Grower A) and three feed ingredients (Indian fish meal, Danish fish meal and wheat flour) during storage for six months are reported. There was no significant change in total protein content either in fish feeds or their ingredients during the storage period. But a significant reduction in crude fat content was noticed in both feeds and ingredients upon storage. Histamine content! of feeds and their ingredients was found to be increasing till the fourth month of storage. Significant decline in the levels of various amino acids was also observed. Unsaturated fatty acids and most of the saturated fatty acids decreased in stored ingredients. But in feeds only a marginal decrease in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids was observed. The results indicate that storage considerably reduces the nutritive value of the feeds and at the same time produces toxic compounds such as biogenic amines.

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