2003

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Biochemical composition and nutritive value of common fish feed ingredients of plant and animal origin
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2003) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
Formulated fish feed has a very important role in the field of intensive fish farming. Therefore it is essential to assess biochemical and nutritional composition of the ingredients used in the manufacture of the feed to formulate a feed according to the nutritional requirements of fish. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the biochemical composition of some of the common feed ingredients, of both plant origin (Commercial wheat flour, Wheat gluten, Wheat bran, Commercial maida, Commercial atta, Maize, Maize bran, Soya flour and Rice flour) and animal origin (Indian fish meal, Danish fish meal, Peruvian fish meal and Shrimp head meal). A greater amount of variation was observed in the moisture content among ingredients ranging from 4.8-12.8%. The total protein content except in the case of wheat gluten ,and soya flour was lower in ingredients from plant sources. The essential amino acid composition was also found to be lower in proteins of plant origin when compared to that of animal proteins. The fatty acid analysis of the feed ingredients showed that the n-3 fatty acids were present in higher concentration in all fishmeals and shrimp head meal as compared to ingredients of plant origin. C sub(16:0), C sub(18:0) and C sub(18:2) were the major fatty acids present in the lipids of the ingredients of plant origin, accounting for more than 80%. In the present study, the notable difference was observed between ingredients of plant and animal origin with respect to the proportion of essential amino acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C sub(20:5) and C sub(22:6)) indicating that ingredients of animal origin were superior in nutritional composition as compared to the ingredients derived from plants.
Preparation of quality upgraded tuna mas and mas based diversified convenience products
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2003) Mukundan, M.K.; Antony, K.P.; Muraleedharan, V.
Method of preparation of quality upgraded 'mas', the traditional smoked-dried tuna product of Lakshadweep is reported. Methods are also described for the preparation of diversified convenience products from the quality-upgraded tuna mas, viz., mas fingers, mas granules and mas soup powder and ready-to-serve items like mas chutney powder and mas pickles. Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis), abundantly available on the Kerala coast, was used for the studies. Brining, smoking and drying of the fish were carried out at controlled conditions. Exposing the tuna mas to a: High-Temperature-Short-Time (HTST) thermal treatment assured stability against insects during storage. All the products showed high sensory quality. Packed in low density polyethylene-polyester laminate pouches the products showed good storage stability at ambient condition.
Evaluation of a Few Locally Available Anaesthetics for Potential Use in Fish Seed Transportation
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Das, S.K.; Goswami, U.C.
study was conducted to explore the possibility of using a few locally available anaesthetics, thiopentone sodium, xylodac, lignocaine and sodium chloride for fish seed transportation. Application was made by inhalation of anaesthesia where by the drugs, in aqueous solution, entered the arterial blood during ventilation of the gills. The study revealed that the mixed seeds of major carp (Labeo rohita, Cirrihinus mrigala and Catla catla) of average length 2.8 cm could be transported safely in a solution containing thiopentone sodium @15 mg/L of water for more than 30 min without oxygen. In the case of lignocaine, lOml/L gave the best result with a recovery time of 14 min; whereas, 4ml/L of xylodac was found to be effective for fish fry with a mean survivability of 90%. The anaesthetics were found to reduce the activity of the fish fry in the aqueous solutions of the sedative agents. The study indicates the possibility of utilizing these compounds for short duration fish seed transportation
Prevalence and Antibiotic sensitivity of Escherichia coli in Extensive Brackish water Aquaculture Ponds
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Harish, R; Sumitha, CM; Hatha, A.A. Mohamed
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli in the water and sediment samples of brackish water aquaculture ponds adjacent to Cochin backwaters was analysed. More than 50% of the water samples and more than 80% of sediment samples from all the sampling stations were tested positive for £. coli. Risk assessment of the E. coli strains was carried out using multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing. Majority of the strains were found to be multiple antibiotic resistant suggesting their origin from high risk sources of contamination such as human where antibiotics are frequently used. While none of the £. coli strains were resistant against amikacin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and trimethoprim, considerable levels of resistance was encountered against ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin G and vancomycin. High prevalence of £. coli in the water and sediment samples of this extensive brackish water ponds indicates high degree of faecal pollution of this environment. The high risk nature of the strains warrants efficient post harvest and processing measures to avoid health risk to consumers.
Leaching and Residual Kinetics of Chloramphenicol Incorporated Medicated Feed Treated to Juvenile Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Selvin, Joseph; Lipton, A.P
The leaching rate of chloramphenicol (CAP) incorporated medicated feed after immersion in water was high during the first 10 min. About 30% loss of CAP from the medicated feed was observed after 2 h of immersion. The leaching rate was not uniform in the period of 10 h experiments. Juvenile black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon fed for 7 days with recommended dose (50-100 mg/kg shrimp) of CAP were examined for residual accumulation and depletion. A higher residue of 7.10 mg/g shrimp tissue was found after 1 day of postdosing. This was estimated as 2.15% of the total CAP intake in the7 days of experimental period. By the 20th day following cessation of medicated feed treatment the CAP concentration was found below detectable limit.
Effect of Treatments on the Iced storage Shelflife of Cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) Fillets
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Joseph, Sophia Margaret; Sherief, P.M
Effect of dip treatments in 2% salt + 0.2% citric acid solution and in 0.01% butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) solution, each for 10 minutes, on the biochemical and organoleptic quality of ice stored cuttlefish {Sepia acwteflte-Orbigny) fillets is reported. The salt + citric acid treatment was found to improve the appearance and overall quality of the fillets. Non protein nitrogen (NPN) and alpha amino nitrogen contents were higher in the salt+citric acid treated sample.The salt+citric acid treated sample was organoleptically in good condition for four days and fair upto six days of storage in ice. No discolouration was noticed in any of the samples during the period of storage
Selective effects of ring seines
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2003) Leela Edwin; Hridayanathan, C.
Effect of Salinity on Growth and Survival of Rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.) under Laboratory and Field Conditions
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Pillai, Devika; Jose, Susheela; Mohan, M.V.; Joseph, Aneykutty
The limits of salinity affecting survival and growth performance of the Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita was studied in laboratory and field conditions. A salinity range of 0 tol4 ppt was used at 2 ppt interval in the present study. Rohu could survive in waters upto 8 ppt salinity. Beyond 8 ppt, the fish showed signs of stress and mortality occurred. There was 100% mortality in 14 ppt salinity within 7-8 days. Although maximum growth was obtained at 0 and 2 ppt, growth was not markedly affected upto 6 ppt salinity. Rohu was cultured along with milkfish in brackish water pond, where salinity ranged from 1.9-8.9 ppt during the culture period of 120 days. As salinity increased above 8 ppt, Rohu showed stress signs and therefore, the culture was discontinued. The present study indicates that there is good potential for culturing these species in low saline areas, that otherwise remain unutilized
Performance of Inboard Diesel Engine Fitted Canoes Operating Ring Seine along Kerala Coast
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Kurup, B. Madhusoodana; Rajasree, Radhika
The performance of the recently introduced Inboard Engine(IBE) fitted crafts operating ring seine is reported. 153 units were enumerated from 8 districts of Kerala. The total landing from IBE canoes was found to be 11745 tonnes, with an average catch per unit effort of 1826 kg and average catch per hour 555 kg. The operation cost and revenue generated from ring seine operated by Out Board Motor canoes and IBE canoes are compared.
Shelf life Extension of Whole and Steaks of Rohu (Labeo rohita) by Gamma Irradiation
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Panchavarnam, S; Manisha, K; Basu, S; Warrier, S.B; Venugopal, V
Fresh rohu were procured from the local market and packed in polyethylene pouches and were subjected to gamma irradiation as whole or steaks at a dose of 0, 1 or 2 kGy. The treated fish and steaks were stored under ice. At periodic intervals, quality of the fish was determined by sensory, microbiological and chemical parameters. The unirradiated whole fish and steaks were acceptable up to 14 and 20 days in comparison to a storage life of 28 and 32 days for the respective samples irradiated at 1 kGy. Irradiation of whole fish at 2 kGy gave a shelf life of 35 days. The extent of lipid oxidation due to irradiation was not significant and had no effect on sensory quality of the ice-stored fish.
Growth, Survival Rate and Feed Conversion Ratio of Juveniles of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) Fed with Farm made and Commercial Feeds
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) B., Hari.; Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
Feeding trial was conducted in M. rosenbergii to compare efficiency of the farm made feed (diet FMF) with commercial feeds like CP feed (diet A), Higashi feed (diet B), and Rosen feed (diet C). Dried clam meat was used as the control feed (diet D). Water stability of FMF is found well comparable with the above feeds. Higher specific growth rate was recorded in diet FMF (2.02) that did not vary significantly (p>0.05) among the dietary treatments except in diet D (1.15). Higher survival was recorded in diet FMF (91.07%) followed by diet A (90.48%), diet B (89.68%) and diet C (82.14%) while the survival of the juvenile of M. rosenbergii fed with control diet (37.5%) was significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to other treatments. Feed conversion ratio recorded for diet FMF was comparable with that of diets A and B. Protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher (p<0.05) in diet B (0.86), A (0.78) and FMF (0.77) when compared to diet D (0.31). Cost of diet A and B (200%), C (185%) and control diet (169%) was significantly higher than diet FMF. Results of the present study revealed that the growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of M. rosenbergii fed with farm made feed prepared from the locally available feed ingredients were comparable with those of commercial scampi feeds. As the farm made feed preparation was found very cost effective it can be recommended to the scampi farmers of Kerala to make farming more economically viable and feasible
Analysis of Design Features of Fish Trawls and Shrimp Trawls of Thoothukkudi Coast
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Neethiselvan, N
The investigation deals with the comparison of body proportions of fish trawls and coastal shrimp trawls of Thoothukkudi coast with each other and with those of a standard FAO fish cum shrimp trawl. Significant variations could be noticed between fish trawls and coastal shrimp trawls of Thoothukkudi coast with respect to parameters viz. length of bottom wing, breadth of top bosum, breadth of bottom bosum, breadth and length of second belly as evidenced from low percentages of overlapping (<25%). The deviations observed in certain morphometric measurements of fish and coastal shrimp trawls from that of standard FAO fish cum shrimp trawl design stressed the need for improving the design features of the existing trawls of Thoothukkudi coast. The study suggested to increase the length of bottom wing and to reduce the belly breadth, belly depth, breadth of top and bottom bosum in fish trawls. Irrespective of the type, all trawls invariably had the cod end mesh size of 20mm. The study recommends fitting of square mesh panel of 30-mm mesh size in the cod end of fish and shrimp trawls of Thoothukkudi coast to exclude juvenile fishes.
Target specific 51.0m long wing semi pelagic trawl for off-bottom fishing in Indian EEZ
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2003) Vijayan, V.; Manoharadoss, R.S.; Sherine, S.C.
Target specific 51.0 m long wing semi-pelagic trawl developed for optimum exploitation of off-bottom resources in the Indian EEZ was tested onboard FORV Sagar Sampada in combination with 1.5 t 'V form otter board and 50.0 m double bridles in the depth range of 43.0 to 68.0 m employing three different speeds of tow. The area of experimentation extended between 20° 39' to 21° 37' N Latitude and 69° 11' to 70° 16' E Longitude. Design details of the trawl along with rigging particulars of the gear system are described. A total yield of 3.65 t was realized from 24 hauls made and the average and maximum catch per unit effort amounted to 123.6 and 151.0 kg respectively. 4.0 knot trawling speed was assessed to be the optimum for this gear system. Semipelagic species consisting mainly of Tachysurus sp., Sphyraena sp., Trichiurus sp., Priacanthus hamrur, Megalaspia cordyla, Protonibea diacanthus, Nemipterus japonicus, Polynemus indicus, Saurida tumbil, Scomberomorus sp., Chirocentrus sp., Chorinemus tol, Pseudocaranx dentex, squid and cuttlefish and miscellaneous off-bottom fish constituted over 85% of the total catch, establishing the target specificity of the gear system in landing semi-pelagic fishery resources.
Tenderised, Dehydrated Steaks of Freshwater Fish, Rohu: Preparation and Storage Characteristics
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Smruti, K; Rai, S; Yardi, V; Warrier, S.B; Venugopal, V
A process to prepare tenderised, dried steaks of freshwater fish, rohu (Labeo rohita) is reported. Steaks of fresh rohu were treated with papain for tenderisation, followed by dip treatment in sodium chloride solution. The brined steaks were dried either in a solar or tunnel dryer at a maximum temperature of 60oC Although solar drying required a longer drying time than tunnel drying, the products dried by both ways, had comparable proximate composition, with moisture content in the range of 15 to 16%, 59% protein and 5.7% crude fat. The aerobically packaged product, which had a water activity as low as 0.66, did not favour microbial growth when stored at ambient temperature. Tenderisation reduced hardness of dried product as observed by lower breaking force as well as sensory evaluation. The treatment also enhanced rehydration capacity of the dried steaks. Tenderisation followed by solar drying is suggested as a cost-effective process for value addition of rohu.
Effect of Dietary P-chitosan levels on Survival and Growth of Fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) Victor, B; Ramesh, U; Maridass, M
A feeding experiment on the fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala was conducted for 28 day period with four experimental diets added with graded levels of P-chitosan (1,2,5 and 10%) and a control diet which contained 31% crude protein, 7.96% crude fat, 25% crude carbohydrate and 5% crude fibre. Fish fed with the diet containing 1, 2 and 5% P-chitosan had the highest survival, feeding rate and weight gain. The above studies indicate that p-chitosan has growth promoting effect in carps and the inclusion of low levels of P-chitosan (1-2%) in artificial diets is likely to improve carp production.
Microbial populations in deep sea water and fish of south east Arabian sea with spherical emphasis on Escherichia coli and coliphages
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2003) Madhusudana Rao, B.; Surendran, P.K.
Deep sea fish, deep sea surface water (DSW) and deep sea water from 200m depth (DSW2()0) and littoral sea water (LSW) of the Arabian Sea (8-130N Latitude, 74-760E Longitude) were analyzed for faecal indicators. E.coii could not be detected in DSW200. However, two deep-sea fish, Psenopsis cynea and Heterocarpus woodmasoni had low levels of E.coii, 0.3 MPN/ g and 0.7 MPN/g, respectively, at the time of harvest. E.coii strains isolated from deep sea environment have been found to be indistinguishable from terrestrial forms, either morphologically or biochemically. DSW had almost equal proportions of Gram -ve (22%) and Gram +ve (20%) bacteria whereas DSW200 had a high percentage of Gram +ve (46%) bacteria. In deep-sea fish. Gram -ve were almost double of Gram +ve bacteria. Pseudomonas was the predominant bacterial genus in deep-sea water samples whereas Vibrio was preponderant in deep-sea fish. DSWjj, had significant proportions of Arthrobacter (24%) and filamentous bacteria (17%). Yeasts were detected only in deep-sea fish samples. LSW collected from a location 15 nautical miles off Quilon had high levels of faecal pollution. In LSW predominant Gram +ve bacterial genus was Microaxrus (16%) wheres Pseudomonas (13%) and Enterobacteriaceae (10%) were the prominent Gram -ve groups. E.coii and coliphages could not be detected in deep-sea waters. A few deep-sea fish at the time of harvest showed low levels of faecal pollution and were within the stipulated limits. The study showed that high count of E.coii and coliphages in deep-sea fish procured from landing centres is not due to polluted deep-sea fish or polluted deep-sea waters.
Effect of Mercuric Nitrate on the Chromosomes of Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2003) N.P, Ansy Mathew; Jahageerdar, Shrinivas
The effect of different doses (0.019, 0.038 and 0.075 ppm) of mercuric nitrate on the chromosomes of Channa punctatus was studied. The karyotype was done by standard colchicine, potassium chloride, acetomethanol and air-drying geimsa staining technique. It was observed that the percentage of Total Metaphase spreads with Chromosomal Aberrations (T.M.C.A.) increased with the increasing concentration levels. Mercuric nitrate induced structural chromosomal aberrations included breaks, fragments, dicentric and ring type chromosomes. The study revealed that 120 h of exposure in mercuric nitrate at concentration levels as low as 0.019 ppm induced chromosomal aberrations in fish.
Fish catch variations and associated variables among fishermen operating plank-built crafts
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2003) Balasubramaniam, S.; Ramesan, M.P.; Gopal, N.
The fish catch variations in terms of the quantity of catch per day and the socio-personal variables of fishermen operating plank-built crafts (15-17 m) were analysed in three fishing centres. Of the 15 socio-personal variables, there were no significant differences between the artisanal fishermen respondents. The overall average fish catch for three centres varied between 526.81 to 533.46 kg per day of fishing among the fishermen and statistically, the fish catch differences were not significant between the fishing centres over a period of five months. In the correlation analysis, five variables viz., investment on craft; investment on net, investment on engine, size of fishing net used and total engine hp used were found to have significant positive correlation with the fish catch variation levels. In the regression analysis, R super(2) value was high (74.11%) and non-significant. Further, the independent variables including the fish catch variation levels did not have significant positive association with the innovation proneness index scores.
Biochemical composition and nutritive value of common fish feeds available in cochin area
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2003) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
The biochemical composition of some of the feeds used in aquaculture is reported. Four grower feeds and 19 other locally available feeds were used for the study. Moisture content varied from 6.3-12.4%; and protein content from 22.4 to 46.9% and mineral content varied from 5.3 to 24.2%. Some of the feeds were found to be very low in fat content (1%). Variations in the proportions of the amino acids in the grower feeds were to a limited extent only. But fatty acid analysis showed great variation among greater feeds. C18:3 was not present in any of the samples analyzed. The level of C20:5 was very low in one of the samples and the same feed was with low level of C22:6 (1.7%). The study points out the need for formulating the fish feed on the basis of the nutritional requirements of fish.

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