2022

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    Rural Women Entrepreneurship through Value Addition ofFish: A Case Study
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) S. Tanuja; J. Charles Jeeva; E. Rout
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    Comparison of the Single Agar and Double Agar layer methods for Enumeration of Bacteriophages
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) B. Manikantha; R. Karthika; V. Murugadas; S. Visnuvinayagam; B. Madhusudana Rao
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    Effect of Trap Funnel angle on Fish Capture Efficiency
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) K. K. Prajith; V. R. Madhu
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    Nutritional Evaluation of Fish feeds Formulated with Fishdiscards or Shellfish waste as Alternative Protein Sources
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), 2022-02-02) K. Kushani K. Premawansha; M. P. Kumudu S. K. de Silva; K. B. Suneetha Gunawickrama; Bjørn-Steinar Sæther
    In the present study, nutritional profiling of the alternative main protein sources (AMPs) such as shellfish waste, fish offal and by-catch were carried out to evaluate the possible role to replace the fishmeal in the diet. Five diets were prepared with 40% (by weight) dried filtrate of autolyzed prawn and crab wastes (Diet A), dried fish offal (Diet B), dried by-catch (Diet C), a mixture of dried offal and shellfish waste (1:1 w/w, Diet D) and the reference diet (Diet E) using a commercial fish meal (CFM) as main protein sources. Other ingredients were common to all diets. Proximate composition of CFM, AMPs and five prepared diets were determined. Micronutrient contents, namely, total amino acid content, free amino acids, and fatty acid composition of the prepared diets were also analysed. The nutrient content of AMP was different only in the fish offal, of which the crude protein content (56.96±1.78) was significantly lower than that of the autolysed shellfish waste (71.75±5.38), dried by-catch (65.26±1.63) and CFM (70.06±1.257) (ANOVA, Tukey test, p<0.05). Crude lipid content of fish offal (22.81±0.57) was the highest while that was significantly different from each other (5.26±1.12, 13.55±1.61 and 18.46±0.735 for shellfish waste, dried bycatch, and CFM respectively (ANOVA, Tukey test, p<0.05). Mean crude protein of Diet B and C were significantly lower than that of other three diets. Crude fat, n-6 fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids of four test diets were comparable to those of the reference diet while essential amino acids and n-3 fatty acids were significantly higher in reference diet. Presence of free amino acids in Diets A, C and D is an added quality to use the AMPs in formulating aqua feed. Economically viable feed can be prepared by using AMPs compared to the fishmeal diet and it confirms the possibility to replace fishmeal in formulated fish feed. Feeding trials will confirm the feed palatability, digestibility and growth performances of fish.
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    Prevailing challenges in Processing of Fermented Fisheryproduct ‘Shidal’ in Tripura, India and Solutions
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) Uchoi, Devananda; Kishore, Pankaj; Kumar, Anuj; Nadella,Ranjit Kumar; Satyen Kumar Panda; A. A. Zynudheen
    Shidal is a traditionally bio-processed fermented fishery product produced from minor carps particularly, Puntius sp. It plays a significant role in the diet of North-Eastern people in India. In Tripura and other North-Eastern states, shidal is consumed as health food by general public. Hygienic processing of shidal has received more attention in recent years as the number of consumers and demand for superior quality shidal is increasing. The study was undertaken in 14 dry fish markets from 4 districts of Tripura through market survey and personal interview to identify key challenges associated with processing of shidal. Data was collected from a total of 50 randomly selected respondents from commercial shidal processors (n=10), household shidal processors (n=10), retailers (n=20) and local vendors (n=10). It was found that for commercial shidal processors, supply of poor quality raw materials and lack of skilled workers were the major issues. In case of household processors, lack of adequate infrastructure and breakage of earthen pots were the main issues; whereas, for retailers and street vendors lack of proper packaging system was the main issue. Thus, the challenges in shidal processing were recorded and solutions are suggested which could help the policy makers to recommend guidelines for hygienic handling and processing of shidal.
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    Size Selectivity of Square Mesh Cod-end with respect toStolephorus commersoni (Lacepède, 1803) and white fish,Lactarius lactarius (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) along Eastcoast of India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) R. Raghu Prakash; G. Kamei; U. Sreedhar; M. Swamy Kumar
    Selectivity of trawl cod-ends square mesh with respect to Stolephorus commersonii and Lactarius lactarius were studied off Visakhapatnam along the east coast of India. Covered cod-end method was applied to assess selectivity parameters. The L25, L50, L75 values for 30 mm cod-end of S. commersonii were 10.56, 11.17 12.98 cm whereas selection range (SR), selection factor (SF) and selection ratio (Sr) were estimated at 2.42, 3.92 and 0.8 respectively. Estimated L25, L50, L75 value for 40 mm trawl cod-end of L. lactarius were 13.23, 14.95 and 16.93 cm whereas selection range (SR), selection factor (SF) and selection ratio (Sr) were 3.69, 3.73 and 0.9 respectively. The retention length for the square mesh cod-end found to be superior compared to conventional diamond mesh cod-end.
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    Incidental Catch of Marine Mammals and Turtles in Gillnets: Indian Scenario
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) Saly N. Thomas; K. M. Sandhya; Edwin, Leela
    Gillnets contribute significantly to the livelihood of a major category of fishers, particularly in the artisanal sector. While gillnet is considered as a selective and responsible gear, there is serious concern worldwide due to incidental catch of marine mammals, marine turtles and other large marine organisms in the gear. Such incidental catch is identified as the main reason for the injury, mortality and even decline of certain populations. Very little research has been done on the issue of incidental catch of mammal and turtle in gillnets from Indian waters. The present communication gives an introduction to gillnets in India, the environmental impacts of gillnetting and reviews the incidental catch of marine mammals and turtles in gillnets and also identifies mitigation measures and knowledge gaps in addressing these issues. Gillnets affect mammals and turtles through entanglement and ingestion of gear or gear parts. The increasing number of gillnet fishing units and the upward trend in length and vertical height of the nets deployed are likely to increase marine mammal and turtle interactions with gear in future. We suggest regular monitoring of this fishery, with special reference to incidental catch of marine mammals and turtles. Regulation of gillnet fishing effort in terms of size and number of gears along with continued research to develop mitigation strategies and policy guidelines at the national level would ensure responsible gillnet fishing.
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    Multi-biomarker Responses to Cadmium Toxicity in Indian Green Mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) K. L. Sreejamole
    Bivalves are considered as good bioindicators for monitoring metal contamination in marine environment because of their ability to accumulate heavy metals in their soft tissues from sea water. Present study investigated biological response of Indian green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), to cadmium toxicity through antioxidant enzymes and overall accumulation during the period of study. The mussels were exposed to cadmium at different sublethal concentrations and the cadmium uptake and accumulation in the soft tissue were estimated after 21 days. Metallothionine formation in the cadmium exposed mussels were also evaluated. Results of the present study showed a definite linear increase in cadmium accumulation during the period of exposure. Mussels exposed to sub lethal concentrations of cadmium at 400 µg L-1, showed an overall gain of 1.466 µg g-1 and 1.981 µg g-1 on 15 and 21 days respectively. Cadmium exposure elicited a significant increase in metallothionein concentration in digestive gland of P. viridis, the concentration was found to increase with dose and period of exposure. Antioxidant enzyme levels were higher in hepatopancreas followed by gills on 15 and 21 days of exposure, except in the case of SOD which was higher in gills. Overall, the bioaccumulation of Cd2+ in P. viridis was found to display a concentration-dependent trend in antioxidant enzyme levels, with significant differences among different tissues exposed.
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    Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms on Glass surface: Survivaland Efficacy of two Sanitizing Agents for Inactivation
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-02-02) Sanjoy Das; K. V. Lalitha
    Listeria monocytogenes is a very important seafoodborne pathogen, which is capable of forming biofilm on different food-contact surfaces. The efficiency of two commonly used sanitizing agents of seafoodprocessing industry was checked for inactivation of this pathogen in biofilm formed on glass surface. Treatment with 220 ppm sodium hypochlorite for 5 min and 1000 ppm benzalkonium chloride for 30 sec could totally inactivate the L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 in the biofilm. Reduction of the level of this organism to a great extent was possible even at lower concentration in case of both the sanitizers. However, the planktonic cells were found to be highly susceptible. Treatment with 130 ppm sodium hypochlorite for 5 min or 100 ppm benzalkonium chloride for 30 sec can totally inactivate planktonic cells of L. monocytogenes. During storage at 30ºC, the L. monocytogenes could be recovered from the biofilm upto 26 days of storage. The concentration of chlorine (50-100 ppm), which is commonly used for disinfection different surfaces of seafood-processing plants, can reduce the level of this pathogen to a great extent. The findings of the present study will be helpful in designing proper guidelines for prevention of transmission of L. monocytogenes through seafood-processing plants.
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    Optimization of Disinfectants for Controlling Fungus Growth on the Eggs of Nilgiri Melon Barb (Haludaria fasciata) During Incubation
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) Judine John Chacko; Mini Sekharan N.
    Fungal infection on fish eggs leading to low hatching rate and production of larvae is a common problem encountered in fish hatcheries. Various disinfectants are applied on eggs for control of infection and improving larval survival of the aquacultured species. In this study, the doseresponse of methylene blue (MB) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) on the fungal infection and hatching success of eggs of Melon barb was studied. Fungal infection on eggs were observed during the incubation. Higher dosages of both MB and HP have resulted in significantly higher egg mortality and hatchling deformity (p<0.05). The MB dosage of 1.5 ppm has prevented the fungal growth on eggs along with improving the hatching rate and hatchling survival rate. HP dosage of 9.5 ppm has prevented fungal growth in the main study. Application of these disinfectants had increased 7-9% hatchling production than without using any disinfectant (control treatment).
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    Aflatoxins and their Repercussions in Aquaculture: A Review
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) Deepa Bhatt; Abhed Pandey
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    Comparative Changes in the Quality of Pickles Preparedfrom Pacific White Shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) grownin Inland Saline Water and in Brackish Water duringStorage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) D. M. Affarin Tinku; Binaya Bhusan Nayak; K. A. Martin Xavier; V. Hari Krishna; Gopal Krishna; Amjad Khansaheb Balange
    Rearing of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland saline water, the non- natural environment and compromised or stressed condition, may affect the meat quality and flavour of the shrimp. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop shrimp pickles from inland saline water reared vannamei (ISRV) and compare its quality with that from brackish water reared vannamei (BWRV) at room temperature for 5 months. The pickles prepared from ISRV had tantamount protein (31.05% w/w), high fat (10.23% w/w) and low ash (6.79% w/w) content as compared with BWRV pickles, which had protein, fat and ash content as 29.55%, 9.32% and 7.74% respectively. No significant difference was observed in the sensory scores of the pickles. Trimethylamine, total volatile base nitrogen and total viable bacterial count were significantly increasing during storage, however, remained within the acceptable limits. The lipid oxidation and hydrolysis parameters like peroxide value and free fatty acid content increased during storage. It could be concluded that overall quality and shelf life of shrimp pickles prepared from ISRV was comparable with BWRV and there was no significant effect observed under storage conditions.
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    The Effect of Pond Water Colour, Plankton Diversity,Culture Techniques and Feed Management on ProductionCharacteristics of Vannamei Shrimp Farming in Kerala,India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) A.T. Anna; K. Dinesh
    Currently white-legged shrimp, Penaeus vannamei is the most cultured shrimp species worldwide. Vannamei farming has already received immense response from the farmers due to the availability of high-quality specific pathogen-free (SPF) seed, amenability of the species to high stocking density and possibility of high production from the unit area. The pond watercolor, plankton diversity, culture techniques and feed management on production potentialities of the species were evaluated at different stocking densities in the semi-intensive culture system in Kerala, India. Six different stocking rates 15, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 nos m-2 designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 including control in triplicates were adopted and reared for a period of 120 days. During the culture period, farmers maintained stable pond watercolour and natural productivity by keen observation employing regular manuring and fertilization. Phytoplankton of the group Bacillariophyta dominated in the majority of the culture ponds followed by Chlorophyta. whereas Copepoda and Rotifera were the major dominated zooplankton groups. The majority of the growth parameters did not show any significant differences except Average Daily Growth (ADG) which showed highly significant differences in both the crops. The findings of this study revealed that natural production in vannamei culture ponds is appeared to be an important source of food and nutrition and also provides good environmental conditions for shrimp cultivation. Moreover, this also helps to reduce the cost of production effectively.
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    Alterations in the Growth and Haematological Response of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) Exposed to Different Salinities
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) Mohana Swapna Narra; T. V. Ramana; A. Balasubramanian; T. Neeraja; R. S. Sravani; M. Rajani
    Investigation was carried out to study the effect of different salinities (3, 6, 9 ppt and control (0 ppt) on growth and haematological parameters of Catla catla juveniles having length and weight of 12.6±0.13cm and 18.26±0.07g respectively for about 30 days. The study revealed zero salinity (control) encouraged high growth (19.72±1.04 g), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (0.52±0.13) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) (3.08±0.26) at control than higher salinities. However, Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) was high at 9 ppt (7.30±2.04) and low at control (1.36±0.15). High leukocyte count was observed at 9 ppt (43.02±1.09) compared to control (36.87±0.50) whereas erythrocyte (2.29±0.19), haemoglobin (10.60±0.44) and haematocrit (31.53±1.12) were higher at control than at 9 ppt. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) showed high at 3 ppt (141.14±09.98) while it was low at 9 ppt (131.79±13.46). Nevertheless, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) was high at zero salinity (33.64±1.17) and low at 9 ppt (28.34±1.050). Study inferred that alterations in the growth and haematological parameters occurred at higher salinities compared to lower salinity levels.
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    Studies on Mass and Nutrients Balance During EnzymaticHydrolysis of Cuttlefish Skin Waste
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) K. Elavarasan; M. D. Hanjabam; C. S. Tejpal; K. Sathish Kumar; A. A. Zynudheen
    Processed cuttlefish is one of the major seafood export commodities of India. Approximately 35% of raw material is converted into by-products during processing of cuttlefish. The cuttlefish skin waste (CSW) accounted to roughly 9% of the raw material and 28% of the by-products generated. In the present investigation, five different proteases namely alcalase, protease from Streptomyces griesus, protamex, papain and bromelain were screened for hydrolysis efficiency on CSW and found to produce soluble content of 80.65, 79.85, 73.47, 66.41 and 67.71%, respectively. Though the bacterial proteases were relatively more efficient in terms of soluble production based on the cost factor, papain was used for studying the mass and nutrients balance during the process of production than the plant proteases of cuttlefish skin protein hydrolysates. Papain enzyme was useful in converting the CSW in to two protein rich products namely water soluble protein hydrolysates and insoluble protein hydrolysates with 82.86 and 71.25% crude protein, respectively. The data presented would be useful for setting up industries for protein hydrolysates production from cuttlefish skin waste, which is abundantly available in India.
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    Snood Wire Attachment Enhances Corrosion in FishingHooks
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) G. Gipson Edappazham; Saly N. Thomas; P. M. Ashraf
    Longlining is an important fishing method targeting sharks, tuna, seer fish etc. Fishing line is tied to high carbon steel hook using stainless steel snood wire in order to avoid large carnivorous fishes from biting off the hook. Corrosion is a major problem with hooks and often the hook fails at the eye region where the line is attached to the hook. How the attachment of metallic snood wire affects the hook in terms of corrosion is communicated here. Number 7, Round bent (J shaped) hook was used in this study. Corrosion rate of snood wire-rigged hooks was evaluated by exposing them to accelerated corrosion testing condition (salt spray as per ASTM B117-03-2003). The snood wire rigged hooks recorded substantial weight loss on exposure to salt fog for 300 h compared to control hooks (without snood wire attachment). Correspondingly, snood wire-rigged hooks displayed a corrosion rate of 109.316 mpy (mills per year) against the control hooks witha rate of 60.214 mpy (p<0.05).
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    Impact of COVID-19 on Dry fish Production and Market-ing from India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) V. Geethalakshmi; V. Chandrasekar
    Drying is one of the oldest known techniques for preservation of fishes. Dry fish is a commodity which has demand both within and outside India. Indian dry fish exports contribute 7.45% to the total marine product exports valued at USD 156.94 million during 2020-21. The COVID-19 imposed lockdown led to disruptions in several segments of the economy and dry fish sector was no exception. The dry fish production is carried out as a smallscale activity along the coastal belt of the country providing source of livelihood for thousands of fisherfolk especially women. The dry fish value chain involves many players starting from fresh fish supplier, dry fish processor, dry fish agent, wholesaler, retailers and consumers. Owing to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdown enforced from 24th March 2020, small scale dry fish processors suffered losses which have been estimated to the tune of Rs.0.5 to 1 lakh per month depending on the capacity of the unit. Women involved in household drying of fish experienced losses amounting to Rs.10,000 to Rs.12,000 per month. The dry fish exports from India, although seasonal has also registered a decline during the first three months of the pandemic and ensuing lockdown period. This paper presents an assessment of the impacts on the dry fish sector in the country.
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    A Study on the Influence of Bulbous bow on the Resistance of Fishing Vessel Hull form Using CFD Analysis
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) M. V. Baiju; Vipinkumar; Dhijudas P. H; K. Sivaprasad; Leela Edwin
    Bulbous bow forms have a significant effect on the ship resistance components and are today an integral part of many ship designs. The hydrodynamic effect of the bulbous bow is based on the change of flow distribution around the bow, creating waves that interfere with the waves created by the hull, improving the flow around the bow. A properly designed bulb affects nearly all the hydrodynamic properties of the ship. The advancements in structural hydrodynamics is limited in Indian fishing industry and mechanised fishing vessels are not fitted with bulbous bows. This study illustrates the influence of bulbous bow on the resistance of fishing vessels. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was used for optimisation of ship hull forms, full-scale predictions, and to appraise physical effects of bulbous bow. Geometrical 3D modelling of three reference hull forms namely conventional hull form, hull form with oval type bulbous bow and hull form with Nabla type bulbous bow created using Maxsurf software was chosen to perform test cases to evaluate the influence. Experimental data of three reference hull forms were collected for validation with results of CFD software. The CFD numerical setup stages were illustrated to estimate resistance components such as viscous resistance and wave making resistance. The mesh independency study of hull models were created with results of previous numerical studies. The comparison between the reference hull models and bulbous bow models show the amount of reduction in wave making resistance due to fitting of bulbous bow. The Nabla type hull form gave eduction in drag compared to the conventional hull form.
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    Effects of supplementation of shrimp head meal, chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide in feed on the growth performance and survival in early post larval stages of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius 1798)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2022-05-05) Ancy Ashraf; S. Sabu; Albin Sunny; S. Nayanthara; M. Harikrishnan
    Supplementation of shrimp shell by-products (shrimp head meal and chitin) and chitin derivatives (chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide) in shrimp feed on feed characteristics, growth, survival and whole body composition of early post larvae of giant tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) was investigated. Five iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated with feed supplements viz., control (diet 1), shrimp head meal (SHM) at 6% (diet 2), chitin 5% (diet 3); chitosan 0.2% (diet 4) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) 0.2% (diet 5). Physical properties and proximate composition of the prepared feeds were compared. The experimental feeding trial was carried out for 30 days on early stages of post larvae of P. monodon. Growth performance and survival (%) were determined on 15th and 30th days of growth trial. Whereas, wholebody composition of P. monodon was determined at the end of the experiment. Physical properties of experimental feeds showed significant difference (p<0.05) in expansion ratio and water stability. Whereas, bulk density did not differ significantly. Higher body protein and survival rate were obtained for post larvae fed with diet 2, however, better growth performance was recorded for diet 4 (p<0.05). Significantly improved average weight gain (AWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values were obtained for diet 4 on the 15th and 30th days respectively (p<0.05). Shrimp supplemented with 0.2% of chitosan was found superior compared to other diets. in improving the growth performance, survival, and composition of early post larval stages of P. monodon.
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    Economics of Cage Culture of Fish in Karnataka
    (ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, India, 2022-08-02) Kiran Kumar R. Patil; B. Chinnappa; K. C. Shashidhara; H. S. Sowmya
    Cage culture has emerged as a suitable alternative to fishermen to sustain their livelihood. Cage culture is extensively practiced in Karnataka. The present study aimed at assessment of economics of cage culture in Udupi district of Karnataka. Cage culturing of sea bass and red snapper in two small cages (2S), one small and one large cage (S+L) and two small and one large cage (2S+L) was observed in the study area. The capital investment was highest in case of 2S+L at Rs. 1,34,380. The total cost incurred on production of sea bass and red snapper came to Rs. 4,38,885 and Rs. 8,11,939.20 in case of S+L and 2S+L, respectively. Fishermen following 2S+L was found to be economically successful in terms of net returns (Rs. 233.37/kg and Rs. 122.94/ kg) compared to S+L (Rs. 226.45/kg and Rs. 78.14/ kg) in cage culture of sea bass and red snapper due to the operation of scale economies. The cage system 2S+L was found economically viable but was fraught with constraints in operational and financial management.