1995

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    Biochemical and Microbiological Quality of Ice Stored Catfish Wallago attu of the Imphal Market
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Vishwanath, W; Lilabati, H
    The biochemical and microbiological quality of ice stored Wallago attu sold in the Imphal market of Manipur, India were studied. TVBN and FFA values were high at 12.00±1.73 mg lOOg"1 and 5.50±0.29% oleic acid, respectively. TBA value was 0.73 mg of malondaldehyde kg"1 of sample. Salmonella and Escherichia coli were not detected. However, presence of Staphylococcus aureus, faecal Streptococci, coliforms and a high content of bacteria (108 g"1) and fungi (103 g"1) indicated that the fishes were probably from polluted waters and/or proper sanitary care was not taken after capture. Presence of psychrophiles viz., Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium in great numbers indicated probability of the incidence of spoilage in the fish
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    Two Novel Protein Sources of Marine Origin for the Nursery Rearing of Chanos chanos Fry
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Carolin, Elizabeth; Jose, Susheela
    Artificial feeds compounded from two new marine protein sources - clam meal (CM) and squid meal (SQM) were compared with the usually used protein sources like fish meal (FM) and prawn head waste meal (PHM) in Chanos chanos fry. The food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein and lipid digestibility coefficients of fish fed on various feeds for 42 days indicate that the protein from clam meal and squid meal were better utilized for growth purposes than others. The PER value ranged from 0.23 (PHM) to 1.43 (CM) and protein digestibihty coefficient from 97.24 (CM) to 65.23% (PHM). Lipid digestibility values were also high for CM (98.08%) and SQM (97.12%). The survival rate, gain in length and weight, and specific growth rate indicate the superior performance of the feed compounded from CM, followed by SQM, FM and PHM.
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    Design, Fabrication and Standardisation of a Depuration System for Bivalves
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Nambudiri, D. Damodaran; Singh, I.S. Bright; George, Sajan; Sherief, P.M.; Maniappan, C; Ayoob, T.M.
    A depuration system was designed and fabricated for cleaning of bivalves. The unit consisted of a depuration chamber, biological filter and UV sterilizer. The system was evaluated based on trial studies conducted using Villorita cyprinoides. Escherichia coli was used as the indicator bacteria. Seeding of the animals by bacteria was carried out using sea water of 10%o salinity and a bacterial concentration of 1x10' cfu ml'1. On 6 h exposure of clams to the E. coli cell suspension, seeding was achieved to the desired level (6.69 x 10" cfu g"1)- On depuration of seeded V. cyprinoides for a period of 15 h using the depuration system complete elimination of E. coli could be achieved.
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    Inhibition of Fish Bacterial Flora by Bacteriocin of Lactic Acid Bacteria
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Panchayuthapani, D; Abraham, T. Jawahar; Jeyachandran, P
    Seven strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were tested for the production of bacteriocins or bacteriocin-like substances by the agar spot method. By excluding inhibition due to acid and confirming their proteinaceous nature, the inhibitors were confirmed as bacteriocins. The ability of four bacteriocin producing strains, viz., Lactobacillus plantarum 89, L. plantarum 8014, L. helveticus, and Pediococcus pentosaceus 25445, to inhibit thirty-five strains of bacteria isolated from fish and fishery products were screened. Strains of Enterococcus spp. and Flavobacterium/Cytophaga were inhibited by bacteriocins of LAB. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was inhibited slightly by bacteriocins of L. plantarum 89 and P. pentosaceus 25445. Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella sp. and V. cholerae were not inhibited. The bacteriocins of LAB are bactericidal to 42 to 54% of the fish microflora tested.
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    The suitability of indole as an index of spoilage of prawns
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1995) Francis Thomas; Iyer, T.S.G.; Varma, P.R.G.
    The indole content in prawn meat from pre-processing centres around Cochin was in the range 0.5 to 3.1 µg 100g !. 43 percent of the sample contained only 1µg 100g-' or less. On the other hand, the indole content in commercially frozen prawn samples collected from the local processing factories was between 0 to 20.6 µg 100g1. Only 28 percent of such samples contained 1 µg 100g'1 or less of indole. This indicates an increase in indole content during processing operations prior to freezing. The indole content in the spoiled prawn meat discarded by the suppliers themselves after final checking was in the range 0.5 to 15.6 Hg 100g1. The formation of indole in prawns during storage at ambient temperature and ice was also studied. During storage of Heterocarpus woodmasoni, Penaeus indicus, P. monodon and Metapemeus monoceros at ambient temperature, indole content above 25 µg 100g"1 was reached only after a period of 12 to 18 h. During storage of P. indicus for 22 days in ice the indole content increased from 0.5 to 5.0 µg 100g '.
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    Allometric Relationships in the Mussel, Musculista senhausia from Cochin Backwaters
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Sreedhar, K. Shiny; Radhakrishnan, C.K
    The allometry of a population of Musculista senhausia (Benson) were studied during the period from February 1987 to June 1988. Monthly samples were taken from Cochin back\vaters and the allometric relationships between length and height, depth, total weight, flesh weight and shell weight were determined. The relationships are described by regression analysis of pairs of variables. Covariance analysis of the data revealed significant monthly differences in these relationships except in length-height and the factors causing these fluctuations are discussed.
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    Effect of delay in icing on quality and shelf life of fish in India
    (Society of fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1995) Thomas, T.; Mathen, C.
    The effect of delay in icing on quality and shelf life of 14 Indian fishes was studied. The quality changes during ice storage were addressed by sensory methods and Intelectron Fish Tester VI. Spoilage rate in ice was not affected by the previous pre-icing histories. The potential storage lives, if the fishes had been iced immediately after death were, 16.0, 14.1, 12.4, 12.3, 9.2, 8.6, 10.1, 6.8, 6.4, 6.4, 6.0 and 5.3 days, respectively for Otolithes cuvieri, Johnieops sina, Gerres filamentosus, Lactarius lactarius, Alepes djedaba, Liza parsia, Caranx para, Thryssa mystax, Tilapia mossambica, Osteogeneiosus militaris, Sardinella longiceps and Sardinella gibbosa. The shelf life in ice for Decapterus russelli and Stolephorus devisi were 2 and < 1 day(s), respectively when the fishes were exposed to ambient temperature for 3 h before icing. At the critical region for acceptance / rejection, Intelectron Fish Tester VI can be a reasonably accurate indicator of freshness.
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    System Analysis of a Prawn Freezing Plant - II. Maximisation of Raw Prawn Procurement and Resource Utilisation
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Kannan, N; Bandyopadhyay, S
    A system analysis approach has been taken to study and analyse different alternatives of raw prawn procurement and resource utilisation of a prawn freezing unit. It has been found that linear programming models can be formulated for this type of process problems and effectively solved with the help of a computer software. Results of analysis have shown that quantities of variety-wise prawn procurement can be maximised with minimum of unutilised resource.
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    Finfish Constituents of Trawl By-catch off Visakhapatnam .
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Sujatha, K
    228 species belonging to 68 families have been identified as constituting the low yafue finfish byotch landed by small trawlers based at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,'India. Four species listed viz., Myrophis lepturus, Uranoscopus bicinctus, U. oligolepis, and Lagocephalus guentheri are reported as new records from Indian waters.
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    Fatty Acid and Mineral Composition of Papua New Guinea Echinoderms
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Maven, H; Rao, K. Sunder; Benko, W; Alam, K; Huber, M.E; Rali, T; Burrows, I
    The fatty acid composition of three Holothuria spp. and one Bohadschia sp. were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-5) was the predominant fatty acid (25.29-34.49%) in the three Holothuria spp. while eicosatrienoic (20:3n-6) was predominant in the Bohadschia sp. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) concentrations were appreciable. The mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Se) composition of the echinoderms were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The alkali (Na and K) and alkaline (Ca andMg)metalswere abundant in the tissuewhile the heavymetals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg) and metalloids (As and Se)wereminor constituents.
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    Time Course of Growth and Protease Production by Spoilage Bacteria Under Different Culture Conditions
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Philip, Rosamma; Perumalsamy, P. Lakshmana
    Four strains of proteolytic bacteria which were assessed as potential fish spoilers were used for the study. They were Pseudomonas sp. Ca 173 isolated from Penaeus indicus, Pseudomonas sp. Ca 386 from Metapemeus dobsoni, Vibrio sp. Ca 377 from Liza parsia and Vibrio sp. Ca 761 from Penaeus indicus. The influence of pH, temperature and sodium chloride concentrations on the growth and protease production of these bacterial isolates were studied. The study shows that the requirements of the normal flora of fish and prawns for maximum protease production are 30PC, neutral pH (7) and absence of NaCl. Moreover, the protease production was observed at late logarithmic or early stationary phase. This suggests that the inhibition of the bacterial growth in the late logarithmic or early stationary phase will arrest the bacterial fish spoilage to some extent.
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    Studies on the Population of Labeo dussumieri (Val.) from the Rivers of Central Kerala
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
    Population of Labeo dussumieri (Val.) inhabiting Pampa, Manimala, Achankoil and Meenachil rivers in Kerala, South India, were compared in respect of selected morphological characters by means of ANACOVA and ANOVA. The results of the present study revealed that the populations of L dussumieri inhabiting Pampa, Manimala and Achankoil constitute a morphologically homogeneous stock and are not distinguishable by most of the morphometric and meristic characters while that of Meenachil river is distinguishable as a separate stock.
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    Effect of Temperature, Heating Time and Chemicals on Shucking Edible Oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Balasundari, S; Abraham, T. Jawahar; Jasmine, G. Indra; Jeyachandran, P
    The effects of temperature and heating time and the influence of chemicals such as sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid in conjunction with heat treatment on shell gaping and meat yield of Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) were investigated. The meat yield decreased with increase in heating period. There existed significant difference in meat yield between the chemical treatments. Loss in meat yield differed significantlybetween the concentrations of chemicals tested except for bicarbonate treatment.
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    Breeding Biology of the Grey Mullet, Valatnugil cunnesius from the Ashtamudi Estuary, Southwest Coast of India.
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Krishnakumar, K; Nair, N. Balakrishnan
    Breeding biology of Valatnugil cunnesius (Val.)/ inhabiting the Ashtamudi estuary along the southwest coast of India, was studied in detail. Sixmaturity stages viz., immature, maturing-I, maturing-II, mature, oozing and spent were identified. Relatively higher Gonado-somatic indices were observed during July to December. Results revealed that V. cunnesius in the Ashtamudi waters has a prolonged spawning season which extends from July to December. The size at first maturity for males is around 139 mm and for females around 148 mm (total length). The sex-ratio of males to females was 1:1.5.
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    Effect of pre -freezing iced storage on the lipid fractions of Ariomma indica during frozen storage
    (Society of Fishery Technologists (India), 1995) Sankar, T.V.; Raghunath, M.R.
    Ariomma indica caught by bottom trawling was frozen onboard after icing for 0, 6 and 12 h. Changes in lipid fractions of the fish during frozen storage at -18 degree C were monitored up to 315 d. Moisture and total lipid content of fish did not show any change during frozen storage. Phospholipid content decreased by 35% during storage, but no differences were observed between samples stored in ice before freezing. Free fatty acid (FFA) content increased by 124 to 300%, with ice stored samples showing more increase during storage. Hydrolysis of both phospholipid and triglycerides had to occur to account for the observed increase in FFA. Fat oxidation was also more in ice stored samples than in fish frozen immediately after capture. Apparently polyunsaturated fatty acid content in total fatty acids decreased, while saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids registered an increase, during frozen storage.
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    Formulation and Characterisation of Some Pelleted Feeds for Penaeus monodon.
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 1995) Gokulakrishnan, P; Bandyopadhyay, S
    Three least cost feed formulae were designed with the help of linear programming model on the basis of nutritional and energy requirement of Penaeus monodon and processed through conventional meat mincer and cooking extruder. Four feeds developed from these formulae were characterised with respect to proximate composition, energy, pellet diameter, true and bulk densities, settling rate and water stability. Results showed that these feeds resemble some commercial shrimp feeds available in the market. Aquarium culture experiments with these feeds yielded feed conversion ratio similar to each other, but slightly higher than that of the commercial feed sample.