2001

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    Biogenic Amines in Fresh, Canned and Salt-dried Fishery Products of India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Shakila, R. Jeya; Vasundhara, T.S
    Biogenic amines viz., putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine, present in fresh, canned and salt-dried fishery products of Indian origin were analysed by means of TLC - densitometric method. Fresh fish and canned fishery products did not contain appreciable amounts of amines. On the other hand, salt-dried fishery products contained very high levels of biogenic amines. The histamine content in about 17% of the samples was above the maximum allowable limit of 20 mg%. Presence of potentiating amines, viz., putrescine and cadaverine in higher concentrations reflects that poor quality raw material was used for curing process
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    Cellulolytic Bacteria in Marine Wood Borers
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Dhevendaran, K; Rajashree, R.V; Nair, N. Balakrishnan
    Four wood borers (Sphaeroma terebrans, S. annandalei, Martesia striata and Teredo furcifera) were collected from four stations (Akathumuri, Edava Nadayara, Neendakara and Ashtamudi) of Kerala Coast. The cellulolytic bacterial population in S. terebrans during different seasons were investigated. Maximum population was recorded during monsoon season in the hind gut region. Samples from Ashtamudi and Akathumuri recorded the maximum cellulolytic bacteria in S. terebrans. Similarly a survey of the cellulolytic bacteria in different wood-borers collected from Ashtamudi revealed that M. striata harboured the maximum cellulolytic bacteria and S. annandalei showed the minimum population. Bacterial isolates randomly selected, exhibited maximum cellulolytic activity of 350pg glu.mHh"1 in Micrococcus (AQB Th3) isolated frcm S. terebrans and minimum, 37]jg glu.mHh"1 in Corynebacterium (AQB Th2) isolated from S. annandalei. The enzyme activity in the mouth and viscera of wood borers was investigated. It was noted that maximum cellulolytic activity was in the mouth region though not low in the visceral region.
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    Changes During Frying of Mackerel at Different Temperatures
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Chand, B.K; Dora, K.C; Sarkar, S; Maragal, M.M
    Rate of heat penetration to the centre of fish piece (mackerel) during frying was studied at two selected temperatures of 120oC and 160oC by inserting needle type thermocouple. Heat penetration rate to the centre of fish piece was slower at 120oC than at 160oC. At 120oC, centre temperature did not reach 1000C even after prolonged frying; whereas at 160oC, it crossed lOCFC after 16 min of frying. Effect of variation in frying temperature and time on frying loss, moisture content and moisture loss of fried fish were studied in detail. Biochemical changes in fish during frying and the oil consumption rate were estimated at four treatments viz., UVKl for 18 min, I-IO for 10 min, Umi for 5 min and ISO'C for 5 min. Parameters like moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total ash, salt, TVB-N, TMA-N, PV, FFA and caloric values were analysed. There was a sharp increase in TVB-N, TMA-N, PV and FFA content in fish during frying
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    Changes in Biochemical Composition in Indian Major Carps in Relation to size
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Sankar, T.V; Ramachandran, A
    Total biochemical composition of freshwater major carps, Labeo rohita -(rohu); Catla catla (catla); Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal), in relation to size was evaluated. The water soluble nitrogen iraction constituted about 21% of the total nitrogen. Salt soluble fraction constituted 55 - 60% of the total nitrogen. Non-protein nitrogen represented 12% of the total nitrogen in all the cases except mrigal of small size (9.36%). The insoluble connective tissue contributed to 2-3 per cent of total nitrogen. The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) formed 31-39% of the total fatty acids and 60-68% of the MUFA in freshwater carps was C18:l. The essential amino acids contributed to 41 to 51% of the total amino acids in freshwater major carps. Aromatic amino acid content was slightly higher compared to marine fishes while the proportion of proline was less. Variations in composition in relation to size are discussed. The autolytic activity was significantly higher in small fish in all the three species
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    Cold-anaesthetization and Live Transportation of Penaeid Shrimps
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Salin, K.R; Vadhyar, K. Jayasree
    A review of present practices followed in live transportation of cold-anaesthetised penaeid shrimps is attempted in this paper. Live transportation is used as a means to enhance the unit value of the marketed shrimp. Japanese Kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus has been found amenable to this practice. Several countries such as Taiwan, Korea, China and recently Australia established a sizeable market for Kuruma shrimp transported alive to Japan, after cold-anaesthetisation. Research on live transportation of other shrimp species such as Penaeus monodon has shown encouraging result.
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    Effect of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth and Survival of Fingerlings of the Indian Major Carp Cirrhinus mrigala
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Marimuthu, K; Sukumaran, N
    Six isonitrogenous semi purified diets with graded levels of lipids (4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5 and 12%) were prepared in pelleted form and fed to the fingerlings of Cirrhinus mrigala for 60 days to evaluate the changes in growth and feed conversion. Absolute, relative and specific growth rates were found to be higher and FCR values better in fishes receiving a diet containing 7.5% lipid
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    Effect of Graded Levels of Dietary Stress Care on Growth, Survival and Body Composition of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Murthy, H. Shivananda; Naik, A.T. Ramachandra
    'Stress care', a product from Indian Herbs Ltd., was evaluated for its effect on growth of common carp through dietary incorporation. The indoor culture system with aeration and water circulation and without aeration and water circulation were used for the growth study for 60 days. Three levels of stress care at 0.15, 0.50 and 0.75% of the diets were fed to common carp fry. Incorporation of stress care did not produce any beneficial changes in the growth and survival of common carp. However, its effect on common carp under stressful culture conditions needs to be investigated further
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    Effect of mesh size on selectivity of square mesh code ends.
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2001) Kunjipalu, K.K.; Meenakumari, B.; Joseph Mathai, T.; Boopendranath, M.R.; Manoharadoss, R.S.
    The effect of mesh size on the selective escapement of length class of trawl resources including nine fin fishes and three shell fishes was studied using 20, 25, 30 and 40 mm square mesh codends. Comparatively more juveniles and sub adults were retained in 20 mm square mesh cod ends while 40 mm square mesh permitted escapement of many commercially important groups such as penaeid prawns and squid. 30 mm square mesh cod end has shown compromise size selection properties by providing escapement of most of the juveniles while retaining bulk of economically important species groups. Selectivity parameters and selection curves were determined in respect of twelve species selected for the study.
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    Effect of Washing on Polyphenoloxidase Activity in Metapenaeus monoceros
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Choudhury, D.R; Chakrabarti, R
    The enzyme, polyphenoloxidase, is responsible for the black spot formation in prawn. Sulphiting agents such as sodium metabisulphite and sodium bisulphite are widely used in prawn processing factories to control black spot, but sensitive persons are allergic to these chemicals. Repeated washing with optimum volume of potable water helped to leach out polyphenoloxidase from prawn considerably. 92% of the enzyme was leached out in the first two washing in the case of headless shell-on prawn and 53% was leached out in case of shell on whole prawn
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    Enzymatic Profile and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Some Vibrio and Aeromonas Strains
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Al-Dagal, Mosffer M.; Bazaraa, Wael A.
    API-ZYM system and antibiotic sensitivity assay were used to characterize twelve strains of Vibrio and three strains of Aeromonas, each belonging to different species. APIZYM showed that all tested strains exhibited negative activity for a-galactosidase, P-glucuronidase, a-mannosidase and cc-flucosidase. All strains expressed positive activities for alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, and naphthol AS-BI phosphohydrdase. p-glucosidase activity was a characteristic of the three Aeromonas strains. Also, Aeromonas strains as well as V. damsela gave very high N-acetyl P-glucosamidase activities. Aeromonas hydrophila, A. trota and V. hollisae were susceptible to all 9 tested antibiotics, and ClO and C30 were active against all tested strains. API-ZYM system and antibiotic susceptibility profile gave additional information that can help in identifying and separating very close species of Vibrio and Aeromonas.
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    Growth and Feed Utilization Efficiency of Osteobrama belangeri Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Protein
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Basudha, Ch; Vishwanath, W
    Osteobrama bdayjgeri (Valenciennes), having mean initial body weight of 5.44±0.01g were fed different pelleted diets containing, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% and 50% crude protein. Fish meal was used as the source of protein. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of diets containing 30-40% protein were satisfactory. Best results were observed with diet containing 40% protein, with a daily average weight gain of 0.161 g. There was no improvement in the growth and carcass protein content of fishes fed 50% protein compared to the fish fed 40% protein. The increase in body weight was proportional to the protein content in diet.
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    Marketing efficiency of fresh fish trade in cochin and veraval
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2001) Gopal, N.; Annamalai, V.; Ramesan, M.P.; Kumar, P.
    Price spread is an important index of marketing efficiency. This study reports the price spread between landing centres, wholesale and retail markets in Cochin (Kerala) and Veraval (Gujarat) in India, for important varieties of fish. The price spread is very high both in wholesale and retail markets. While in wholesale market the price spread ranged from 1.11% to 46%, it was as high as 471% in the retail market at Veraval and 1410% at Cochin. The range of price spread was found to be very high during the periods of low price and high catch, and low during high price and low catch season. The benefit of high price spread accrue to the middlemen, depriving both the consumer and the fishermen of a fair price.
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    Optimization of Energy to Protein Ratio in Feed for Labeo rohita Fingerlings
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Sethuramalingam, T.A; Haniffa, M.A
    Ten semi-purified diets with two levels of dietary protein (32 and 41%) having five energy levels each (324, 341, 364, 384 and 407 kcal.lOOg1) were formulated and fed to Labeo rohita fingerlings for a period of 45 days. Factorial analysis of variance indicated that although weight gain, food conversion efficiency and protein utilization were significantly affected by dietary energy and protein levels, the energy and protein conversion efficiencies were not influenced by dietary energy and protein interaction. The best growth and food conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained with an average of 379.72 kcal.lOOg1 at 41% protein diet (P/E 107.87 and E/P 9.29), while maximum protein utilization and conversion occurred with similar energy levels (383 kcal.lOOg"1) but in low protein (32%) diet. Although dietary energy influenced the body constituents of fish, the influence of protein was not significant. The results indicated that with increased allowance of energy, more protein was utilized for tissue building and enhancement of growth.
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    Optimization of Mesh Size of Gill Nets for Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Neethiselvan, N; Vaitheeswaran, T; Jude, D
    Fishing conducted in inshore waters off Thoothukkudi (Tamil Nadu) during 1997-98 using 16 units of nylon gill nets with 26, 28, 30 and 32 mm mesh size made up of 210D/ 1/2 twine revealed that the proportionality co-efficient (k) of the gill net selectivity equation for Sardinella gibbosa was 0.104. Gill net with mesh size 29.6 mm was found to be ideal for the commercial exploitation of S. gibbosa which contributes considerably to the lesser sardine fishery of Thoothukkudi coast. The details of enmeshing pattern of different length groups of S. gibbosa in gill nets of different mesh sizes are presented
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    Physicochemical Properties of Malaysian Fish Balls
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Huda, Nurul; Abdullah, Aminah; Babji, A.S
    A total of 10 brands of Malaysian fish balls were analyzed for physiochemical properties like colour, cooking effect, proximate composition and texture (folding test). Results showed that there was a wide variation in the amount and types of ingredients used in producing the different kinds of fish balls. The weight of samples analyzed ranged between 6.25 - 15.14 g with price varying from US $ 1.97-3.62/kg. The colour value for lightness (L) of fish ball varied significantly (p<0.05), ranging from 62.14-76.85. Different brands of fish balls exhibited different cooking effect, which ranged between -11.06% and +8.21%. All samples showed AA grade in folding test, which indicated that the texture of fish balls was acceptable to consumer
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    Relative Effectiveness of Selected Extension Teaching Methods and Their Combinations in Teaching Rural Aquaculturists
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Ojha, J.S; Sinha, P.M
    The present study revealed that among three individual extension methods (personal contact, group discussion, bulletin), personal contact was most effective in convincing the rural aquaculturists about the utility of an innovation. Bulletin occupied the last position in the order of effectiveness. Among the combinations of two, personal contact and group discussion resulted in maximum conviction regarding the merit of a new idea. The combination of group discussion and bulletin appeared to be least effective. The combination of personal contact, group discussion and bulletin proved significantly more effective than any of the three extension methods either individually or in combinations of two. The effectiveness of extension methods and their combinations was influenced by the level of education of the people. It may be concluded that in making aquaculture innovations popular with rural aquaculturists, better results can be achieved if the innovations are first exposed to the fish farmers with high level of education who can act as key communicators and multiply extension efforts
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    Relative Fuel Consumption and Effective Fishing Time of Small-scale Mechanised Gillnetters, off Cochin
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Shibu, A.V; Hameed, M. Shahul
    The drift gillnet operation is one of the important low energy fishing methods in small scale fishing sector along the Indian coast. The gillnet operations have undergone considerable change in the form of increased length class and horse power of fishing crafts employed, which enable the vessels to operate at distant fishing grounds and with enhanced operational efficiency. An understanding of effective fishing time and fuel efficiency will lead to considerable improvement in operational efficiency of gillnetters. The analysis of the effective fishing time and relative fuel consumption among the selected length classes of gillnetters operating from Cochin Fisheries Harbour showed that effective fishing time increased with increase in length overall and the relative fuel savings was higher in length 31-35' class vessels.
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    Seasonal Variation in Growth and Survival of Penaeus monodon Larvae Under Hatchery Conditions
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) J.P, George; Nair, Deepa
    The present paper deals with various aquatic abiotic parameters which influence the spawning, hatching and larval metamorphosis of Penaeus monodon in controlled conditions. Water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen as well as general hygienic conditions were found to be the critical factors for the successful gonadal hydration, breeding and survival of young ones of Penaeus spp. Optimum ranges of hydrographic parameters were temperature 28-30oC, salinity 28-33 ppt and dissolved oxygen close to saturation. The larvae were fed on diatoms (Chaetocews sp.), Artemia cysts and egg custard. The algal culture was maintained in the hatchery itself under conducive conditions. The hygienic conditions of the hatchery were maintained by using chemicals such as chlorine, EDTA and formalin. Antibiotics like oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol were used as prophylactic measures in order to prevent outbreak of diseases and infections. The present experiments conducted in Maharashtra revealed that best results in spawning, larval survival and growth could be obtained during September-October months, when temperature and salinity were in favourable ranges.
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    Survival and Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Refrigerated Fish
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Jeyasekaran, G; Karunasagar, I
    The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to survive and grow in fish at refrigerated condition was studied. Fresh, white sardine (Kowala coval) were washed and inoculated with L monocytogenes (NCTC 1994) at a level of 104 cfu.g"1. The inoculated fish were kept at room temperature (28±20C) for 6 h and then stored at refrigerated condition (4±10C). The fish was found to have a load of 105 cfu.g"1 of L. monocytogenes after the temperature abuse. Though there was a minimal increase in the count during the first two days of refrigerated storage, a slight reduction in counts was observed on the 4th day of chilled storage and thereafter the counts did not show appreciable change. The results suggest that chilling does not have a significant effect on the control of L. monocytogenes in fish and there is a possibility of contaminated seafood acting as a vehicle of infection.
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    Training Needs of Shrimp Farmers - An Assessment
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2001) Kumaran, M; Ponnusamy, K
    Thirty shrimp farmers were interviewed in Nagapattinam coastal district of Tamil Nadu, India to assess their training needs. Personal profile of the farmers was found to be of high level and their relationship with training needs was not significant. The farmers desired to acquire necessary knowledge and skills to deal effectively with disease menace, seed quality, pond management and recent developments in aquaculture for sustainable shrimp production. Transfer of technology and human resource development programmes of the research organization and extension activities of the State fisheries departments may be intensified incorporating these training needs