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Abundance, characteristics and seasonal variation of microplastics in Indian wgite Shrimps (Fenneropenaeus indicus) from coastal water off Cochin,Kerala,India
(Elsevier, 2020) Daniel, Damaris Benny; Ashraf, P. Muhamed; Thomas, Saly N
The microplastic contamination of seafood species is increasingly becoming a global concern due to its potential influence on food safety and human health. This study investigated the presence and seasonal variation of microplastics in a commercially important marine shrimp species, Fenneropenaeus indicus, from the coastal waters of Cochin, India. The soft tissues of 330 shrimps were examined over a period of 12 months, from March 2018 to February 2019. A total of 128 microplastics were detected, of which 83% were fibres. An average (mean ± SD) of 0.39 ± 0.6 microplastics/shrimp (0.04 ± 0.07 microplastics /g wet weight) was obtained from the shrimps sampled. Microplastic contamination was significantly higher in July-August (Monsoon season) compared with other months. This study reports microplastic contamination in F. indicus for the first time. Results also suggest that consumption of peeled but undeveined or whole dried white shrimps can be one of the ways of the human uptake of microplastics, especially during the monsoon season.
An appraisal of trawl fishery of Kerala
(Asian Fisheries Society Mannila, 2009) Hassan, F.; Sathidas, R.
Trawl fishery of Kerala contributes about 35-50% of the annual landings of the state. The ever increasing international demand for shrimps and cuttlefishes further induced acute competition, higher investment and continuous up gradation of trawlers. The technical specifications, capital investment, catch composition and revenue for single and multiday units has drastic differences. The present study aims to highlight the trawl landings of Kerala state and comparative efficiency of these units operating at Cochin Fisheries Harbour. The data was systematically collected during 2005-2006 in a pre-designed schedule covering all seasons. The secondary data was obtained from various publications of State Fisheries Department and CMFRI.The craft and gear specifications of these units indicate the increasing trend of capital intensity in an already overcapitalized sector. The study indicates that the shift towards multi-day units will further increase due to better catch and returns. Although the multi-day trawlers are economically efficient, the wastes and discards generated from these units are not advisable forthe long-term sustainable development of our open access marine fisheries. Regulations in termsof number of units, unit operations or quota system for trawlers appear to be imminent for theefficient management of marine fishery resources of the state.
Assessing temporal variation of coloured dissolved organic matter in the coastal waters of south eastern Arabian sea
(Springer, 2020) Minu, P.; Souda, V.P.; Baliarsingh, S.K.; Dwivedi, R.M.; Ashraf, P.M.
Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays a major role in marine photochemical and biological processes and its optical properties are known to affect the underwater light penetration. This paper highlights in situ optical estimation and satellite retrieval of CDOM in deciphering its temporal variations in coastal waters of the South Eastern Arabian Sea. The study accentuated the source of CDOM as terrigenous origin during monsoon, of in situ productions during pre-monsoon and during post-monsoon of autochthonous-allocthonous origin. The matchup analysis for in situ and MODIS Aqua retrieved Adg443 exhibited bias which decreased by incorporating the seasonal component. The study also identified degrading bloom of Noctiluca scintillans as the source for exceptionally high CDOM in the area during January and February. The study demands to incorporate seasonal components and phytoplankton abundance while assessing the performance of CDOM algorithms in optically complex coastal waters.
Assessment of bio accumulation of bacteria in oyster from shellfish growing waters in Ashtamudi Lake(Kerala, India): A RAMSAR wetland
(Elsevier, 2016) Chinnadurai, S.; Mohamed, K.S.; Sharma, J.; Venkatesan, V.; Kripa, V.
Assessment of biodetrioration or rubber wood exposed to field conditions
(ELSEVIER, 2006) Edwin, L.; Ashraf, P.M.
Rubber wood (Hevea braslliensis) can be used commercially for the construction of fishing boats, which are subjected to biodegration in the water, and on land both with and without soil contact. In order to obtain data on the natural durability of this wood, the extent of biodeterioration was assessed through visual observation, changes in the specific gravity of the wood and loss in the compressive strenght of wood panel after 90 and 150 days in field tests. Changes in wood chemistry due to biodeterioration under field conditions wre also characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy. Test samples in soil burial tests (graveyard tests) wre more severely damaged than panels exposed to atmospheric weathering or immersed in sea water below the low tide mark. Strength losses in panels exposed to the marine and atmospheric conditions were not commensurate with the weight losses.
Assessment of fishing-related plastic debris along the beaches in Kerala Coast, India
(Elsevier, 2020) Daniel, Damaris Benny; Thomas, Saly N; Thomson, K.T
An assessment of quantity, composition and seasonal variation of fishing-related plastic debris was conducted in six beaches along the Kerala coast of India during 2017–2018. Plastic items were the most dominant type of waste constituting 73.8% by number and 59.9% by weight. In the total debris recorded, 5540 pieces (36%) weighing 198.4 kg (39.8%) were fishing related trash. On an average 14.4 ± 12 fishing related items/100m2, corresponding to mean weight of 0.55 ± 0.7 kg/100m2 was recorded from these beaches. Results indicated that the fishing-related plastic items were concentrated four times more in the beaches with higher fishing intensity, as compared to the other beaches. Also, the concentration of fishing-related plastic was recorded higher in the post-monsoon season compared to the lowest during monsoon, which was significant with p-value<0.05. The results emphasize the role of fishing activities in the generation of marine litter.
Biofouling control using nano silicon dioxide reinforced mixedcharged zwitterionic hydrogel in aquaculture cage nets
(2019) Mohan, A.; Ashraf, P.M.
Biofouling in aquaculture cages negatively affects the farm productivity, and it requires huge sums of money and labor for its management. A superhydrophilic pseudozwitterionic hydrogel, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) + [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium (TMA) + 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SA) copolymer, is considered as a potential antifouling agent. The present study aimed to synthesize a nano silicon oxide reinforced NIPA−TMA−SA mixed-charged zwitterionic hydrogel over polyaniline-coated polyethylene aquaculture cage nets through the in situ microwave reaction and to test its biofouling resistance. The study highlighted the formation of stable coating over polyethylene, four different treatments, and their effective inhibition of fouling compared with the untreated one. Six month’s immersions of treated nettings in the estuarine environments demonstrated that the biofouling inhibition by nano silicon oxide reinforced zwitterionic hydrogel-coated polyethylene was unable to satisfy the industrial standards but made the samples free from hard-shelled fouling organisms compared with untreated controls. More research is needed to improve the quality of the coatings. The mixed-charged zwitterionic hydrogel with nano silicon oxide showed medium hydrophilic nature. Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopic evaluation showed the successful formation of hydrogel over the aquaculture cage net. Nano silicon oxide reinforced in the matrix through hydrogen and coordination bonding between NH2 and carbonyl of the polymeric chain, respectively.
Biofouling resistant polyethylene cage aquaculture nettings: A new approach using polyaniline and nano copper oxide
(2017) Ashraf, P.M.; Sasikala, K.G.; Thomas, S.N.; Edwin, L.
Biofouling in cage aquaculture netting causes clogging of meshes, increased stress and retards the growth of fishes. This paper describes a new method of protecting polyethylene cage nettings from biofouling using polyaniline and nano-copper oxide. Polyaniline was synthesized in-situ over polyethylene cage netting material and subsequently treated with nano copper oxide. The modified netting material exposed to estuarine environment exhibited excellent fouling resistance. FTIR characterization confirmed the formation of polyaniline and adsorption of nano copper oxide over the netting material. SEM and AFM evaluation showed uniform coating of polyaniline and nano copper oxide on the polyethylene-polyaniline (PE-PANI) matrix. The results highlight the potential application of polyaniline plus nano copper oxide coated polyethylene nettings in controlling biofouling in cage aquaculture.
Catching efficiency of gill nets and trammel nets for penaeid prawns
(ELSEVIER, 2003) Thomas, S.N.; Edwin, L.; George, V.C.
Fishing experiments were carried out with gill nets and trammel nets off Cochin, India, from June to August 1991 to determine the relative catching efficiency of these nets to penaeid prawns. A fleet of nets consisting of two sets of gill nets of polyamide (PA) monofilament and PA multifilament; and one set of PA multifilament trammel nets, each of four units of mesh sizes 34.0, 38.0, 40.0 and 50.0 mm was used. The relative efficiency of gill nets and trammel nets with regard to material and mesh size was compared. PA monofilament was 1.5 times more efficient than PA multifilament as a gill net material. Of the four mesh sizes used, 38.0 mm gave higher catch rates than the other mesh sizes for the exploitation of Penaeus indicus of the 100-160 mm length group. Trammel nets caught on average two times more prawns than monofilament gill nets.
Corrosion resistance of BIS 2062‑grade steel coated with nano‑metal‑oxide mixtures of iron, cerium, and titanium in the marine environment
(2018) Ashraf, P.M.; Anuradha, R.
BIS 2062-grade carbon steel is extensively used for fishing boat construction. The steel is highly susceptible to corrosion on the hull and welding joints under marine environment. Here, we demonstrate the application of a novel multifunctional nano-metal-oxide mixture comprised of iron, titanium, and cerium as a marine coating to prevent corrosion. The electrochemical performance of nano-metal-oxide mixture coatings, applied over boat-building steel, was evaluated at 3.5% NaCl medium. The nano-mixture surface coatings showed an efficient corrosion resistance with increased polarization resistance of 6043 Ω cm2 and low corrosion current density of 3.53 × 10−6 A cm−2. The electrochemical impedance spectral data exhibited improvement in the polarization resistance of outermost surface and internal layers. The coating responded faster recovery to normal state when subjected to an induced stress over the coating. The nano-material in the coating behaves as a semiconductor; this enhanced electronic activity over the surface of the steel.
Decomposition study of in vivo phytoplankton absorption spectra aimed at identifying the pigments and the phytoplankton group in complex case 2 coastal waters of the Arabian Sea
(Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk/Springer, 2015) Shaju, S.S.; Minu, P.; Srikanth, A.S.; Ashraf, P.M.; Vijayan, A.K.; Meenakumari, B.
Phytoplankton modify the optical properties of the seawater by altering the subsurface light field. Information on the accessory pigments present in the phytoplankton helps to differentiate major phytoplankton classes or taxonomic groups. The variability in the absorption spectra of phytoplankton and particulate matter of case 2 coastal waters of the Southeastern Arabian Sea were studied from June 2010 to November 2011. The phytoplankton specific absorption coefficient, at 440 nm and 675 nm, a*ph (440) and a*ph (675) varied from 0.018 to 0.32 m2 mg-1 and from 0.0005 to 0.16 m2 mg-1, respectively. The 4th derivative spectra computed for each in vivo absorption spectrum showed that the amplitude of maxima obtained is proportional to the concentration of the chromoprotein which absorbed that wavelength. Regression of pigment concentration against the 4th derivative spectral coefficient showed that the measurements of particulate absorption could provide quantitative information on chlorophyll a and other accessory pigment concentrations. Fucoxanthin and diadinoxanthin, the carotenoid pigments found in the diatoms were identified from the derivatives peaks. The study demonstrates the utility of using the 4th derivative analysis as a tool to identify the dominating phytoplankton group and its pigment composition.
Development of CeO2 and TiO2- incorporated aluminium metal-composite matrix with high resistance to corrosion and biofouling
(Springer, 2008) Ashraf, P.M.; Shibli, S.M.A.
Cerium oxide (CeO2) is a potential corrosion inhibitor for aluminium, and titanium oxide (TiO2) is an efficient anti-fouling agent in the marine environment. The present study explored the possibility of incorporating CeO2 and TiO2 in aluminium to prepare a metal matrix composite that could have high corrosion and biofouling resistance under marine conditions. Such incorporation of CeO2 and TiO2 in pure aluminium offered high resistance to corrosion and biogrowth under marine conditions as evidenced during different tests. The specimens exhibited more anodic and stable open circuit potential throughout the period of the study. The optimum concentration of CeO2 and TiO2 was found to be 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The present results lay emphasis on the potential scope of the use of CeO2- and TiO2-incorporated aluminium in marine environments.
Development of graphene-nanometre-sized cerium oxide-incorporated aluminium and its electrochemical evaluation
(Springer, 2015) Ashraf, P.M.; Thomas, S.N.; Edwin, L.
Graphene–nanometre-sized cerium oxide-incorporated aluminium was prepared and its electrochemical and surface morphological characteristics were studied. The atomic force micrographs and scanning electron micrographs evaluation highlighted that the grapheme and nanometre-sized cerium oxide in aluminium had decreased the surface roughness and improved the surface morphological characteristics. The graphene: nanometresized cerium oxide (ratios 1:2 or 2:1) with lesser amounts of particle in the matrix showed excellent corrosion resistance in the marine environment as evidenced by linear polarization, electrochemical impedance and weight loss studies. Introduction of graphene in the aluminium matrix showed a barrier separation between the outermost layer and inner layer, increased roughness and increased corrosion. The material is found to be a potential candidate for use in marine environment.
Dolphin Wall Net (DWN) e An innovative management measure devised by ring seine fishermen of Kerala-India to reducing or eliminating marine mammalefishery interactions
(Elsevier, 2014) Prajith, K.K.; Das, P.H.D.; Edwin, D.
One of the major problems associated with the operation of ring seines in Kerala coast is the attack of dolphins. In order to overcome this problem without harming marine cetaceans, fishermen developed aspecial type of net forms an outer protective wall to the ring seines. This paper discusses the structural and operational details of this net. This initiative of traditional fishermen to conserve marine cetaceans is documented in this communication.
Effect of optically active substances and atmospheric correction schemes on remote-sensing reflectance at a coastal site off Kochi
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2014) Minu, P.; Lotliker, A.A.; Shaju, S.S.; Santhoshkumar, B.; Ashraf, M.P.; Meenakumari, B.
The present study focused on understanding the variability of optically active substances (OASs) and their effect on spectral remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs). Furthermore, the effect of atmospheric correction schemes on the retrieval of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) from satellite data was also analysed. The OASs considered here are chl-a, coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and total suspended matter (TSM). Satellite data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite was used for this study. The two atmospheric correction schemes considered were: multi-scattering with two-band model selection NIR correction (hereon referred as ‘A1’) and Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM) correction and MUMM NIR calculation (hereafter referred as ‘A2’). The default MODIS bio-optical algorithm (OC3M) was used for the retrieval of chl-a. Analysis of OASs showed that chl-a was the major light-absorbing component, with highly variable distribution (0.006–25.85 mg m–3). Absorption due to CDOM at 440 nm (aCDOM440) varied from 0.002 to 0.31 m–1 whereas TSM varied from 0.005 to 33.44 mg l–1. The highest concentration of chl-a was observed from August to November (i.e. end of the southwest monsoon and beginning of the northeast monsoon), which was attributed to coastal upwelling. The average value of aCDOM440 was found to be lower than the global mean. A significant negative relationship between aCDOM440 and salinity during the southwest monsoon indicated that much of the CDOM during this season was derived from river discharge. Spectral Rrs was found to be strongly linked to the variability in chl-a concentration, indicating that chl-a was the major light-absorbing component. Satellite-derived spectral Rrs was in good agreement with that in situ when chl-a concentration was lower than 5 mg m–3. The validation of chl-a, derived from in situ Rrs, showed moderate performance (correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.64; log10(RMSE) = 0.434; absolute percentage difference (APD) = 43.6% and relative percentage difference (RPD) = 42.33%). However the accuracy of the algorithm was still within acceptable limits. The statistical analysis for atmospheric correction schemes showed improved mean ratio of measured to estimated chl-a (‘r’ = 1.6), log10(RMSE) (0.49), APD (25.46%), and RPD (17.57%) in the case of A1 as compared with A2, whereas in the case of A2, R2 (0.56), slope (0.26), and intercept (0.27) were better as compared with A1. The two atmospheric correction schemes did not show any significant statistical difference. However the default atmospheric correction scheme (A1) was found to be performing comparatively better probably due to the fact that the concentration of TSM and CDOM was much lower to overcome the impact of chl-a.
Estimation of Drift Gillnet Selectivity for Carangoides ferdau and Caranx papuensis in Kanyakumari Coast of South India
(Asian Fisheries Society, 2011) Balasubramanian, A.; Meenakumari, B.; Erzine, K.; Boopendranath, M.R.; Pravin, P.
Size selectivity parameters of drift gillnet for Carangoides ferdau and Caranx papuensis were estimated from catches obtained from the nets of 13.5, 14, 14.5 and 15 cm stretched mesh sizes operated in the Kanyakumari coast of South India from September 2002 to April 2004. In this study, maximum likelihood procedure was followed and a proprietary software GILLNET (Constat, Denmark) was used to fit selection curves viz., normal location, normal scale, log-normal, gamma and bi-normal. Of them, bi-normal model was found as best-fit for both the catch data. The fishing power influenced the selectivity of the gear in the case of C. ferdau while there was no influence in the other species C. papuensis. There was no significant difference between better-fit and best-fit models in both catch data. Modal length increased with mesh size. Shape and size of the selectivity curves were uniform in size. The mesh size 14.5 cm performed better than modeled by capturing larger size group of fishes with narrow selection range. Entangling and gilling appeared as common capture pattern in both the species. Over dispersion was found in the best-fit bi-normal model which also indicated the lack of fit and suggested for multi-nomial fitting of data.
First estimate of the length–weight relationship of diaphus watasei jordan and starks, 1904 caught off the southwest coast of india
(Asian Fisheries Society, 2011) Vipin, P.M.; Pradeep, K.; Ravi, R.; Fernandez, T.J.; Ramesan, M.P.; Madhu, V.R.; Boopendranath, M.R.
The length-weight relationship of the myctophid fish species, Diaphus watasei, caught from waters off the southwest coast of India in the depth range of 300-400 m was estimated as male W=0.0026 L3.39 and females W= 0.0063 L3.06. The length–weight relation between the males and the females were found to be significantly different.
Fish production and energy requirement during demersal and aimed midwater trawling by intermediate range freezer trawler
(Asian Fisheries Society, 2009) Boopendranath, M.R.; George, V.C.; Hameed, M.S.
This paper deals with the fish production and relative energy consumption in demersal and midwater trawling based on data derived from cruises of Intermediate range freezer trawler that operated in Indian waters during 1993-94. The trawler has length overall of 62.2 m, gross registered tonnage of 1898 and installed engine power of 2400 hp. Operations were conducted between 14° and 22° N lat., off west cost of India, within a depth range of 31 and 125 m, using 47.5 m four-seam bottom trawl rigged with bobbin gear and 70.0 m mid-water trawl. The present investigations have shown that significant improvements in landings were obtained during aimed midwater trawling, off west coast of India. The mean daily landings rose from an average of 5.66 t, during bottom trawling to 22.84 t, during midwater trawling, realising over 300% improvement in the landings that manifested in a significant reduction in the consumption of fuel per unit volume of fish landed by midwater trawling. Overall fuel consumption per kg fish landed by bottom trawling and midwater trawling worked to be 1.34 and 0.33 kg, showing a four-fold difference. The difference in daily fuel expenditure per unit volume of fish between bottom and aimed mid-water trawling was found to be highly significant statistically. As there is intense concentration of effort in the bottom trawl fisheries, it could be advantageous from the resource management perspective and also from the energy conservation point of view, to encourage diversification to midwater trawling, in a controlled manner without compromising on sustainability of resources. Stern trawler does not require any large-scale modifications in structure or deck layout, for undertaking midwater trawling. However, the vessel must be large enough, highly manoeuvrable and sufficiently powered to tow a large mouthed midwater trawl at speeds exceeding 4.5 knots; should be equipped with acoustic fish detection (sonar and echosounder) and trawl monitoring systems; and in addition, must have provision for handling and preserving large volume landings.
Inter-annual variability in the inherent optical properties along the southeastern Arabian sea from 2009 to 2015
(Springer, 2020) Souda, V.P.; Minu, P.; Lotliker, A.A.; Shaju, S.S.; Ashraf, P.M.
A study was performed on the coastal waters of the southeastern Arabian Sea to understand the changes in the inherent properties of optically active substances (OAS). The objective of this study was to obtain insight into the temporal dynamics of OASs for various remote sensing applications. Both the absorption of light by phytoplankton (aph(440)) and detritus (ad(440)) varied the 2nd orders of magnitude, whereas the absorption of light by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM; aCDOM(440)) exhibited an increasing trend over the years. aCDOM(440) increased from 2009 to 2015 at a rate 0.012 m−1 year−1. The validation of the satellite data with in situ data indicated that ad(443) underestimated the in situ ad(443) when the in situ ad(443) was less than 0.3 m−1. The ternary analysis of ocean-colour-climate-change initiative (OC-CCI)–derived inherent optical properties (IOP) during the postmonsoon season indicated increased contribution by ad(443). Detritus was the primary light absorber in the coastal waters of Kochi followed by phytoplankton and CDOM. These long-term data sets and their seasonal variation will enable development of seasonal specific regional algorithms for chlorophyll-a, which are employed in potential fishing zone advisories and other applications.
Large Pelagic Mechanised Gillnet Fishing Systems of Odisha Coast, India
(Global Journals Incorporated (USA), 2016) Muhammed Sherief, P.S.; Thomas, S.N.; Edwin, L.

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