2000

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    Seasonal Variation of the Environmental Parameters along Fort Cochin Beach
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Jayalakshmy, K.V; Raveendran, O; Sreeja, S
    Monthly observations on heterotrophic bacteria, organic carbon, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia from surface water and from water table level during high tide, mid tide and low tide were carried out in the Fort Cochin beach for a period of one year. Also, monthly observations on heterotrophic bacteria, organic carbon and temperature were carried out for the same period from sand during the three tidal levels at surface and water table level. The study showed that organic carbon in sand controlled the bacterial population to a great extent during high tide at surface and during low tide at water table level. Step-up multiple regression analysis showed that in water the interaction effect of inorganic phosphate and ammonia and that of ammonia and temperature were the most important parameters controlling the bacterial production whereas in the sand at the surface, temperature-organic carbon interaction effect was the controlling parameter. The results of the Q-mode analysis are also presented.
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    Biochemical investigations on Antarctic krill Euphausia superba
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2000) Ragunath, M.R.; Sankar, T.V.; Radhakrishnan, A.G.; Mathew, S.; Ammu, K.
    Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana), caught by the first Indian krill expedition was processed on board into whole krill, peeled tail meat and whole krill mince. These were analysed for trace metals, lipids, cholesterol, fatty acids and amino acids. Autolysis at various pH and temperatures as well as thermal coagulation of krill mince suspended in various media were also studied. Trace metals were below toxic levels while no pesticides were detected. Krill tail meat had small amount of lipids and cholesterol (0.81 and 0.033% respectively). The lipids were rich in C18:1, C20:5, C22:6, fatty acids. Autolytic activity at pH 3-4 and 8-10 was predominant in whole krill at 20 and 40 degree C but autolysis in tail meat was very low. Nearly 80% of the soluble proteins in krill suspension could be precipitated by rapid heating.
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    Effects of creosote and copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA) treatment on the compressive strength of haldu wood (adina cardifolia benth & hook)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Leela Edwin; Thomas, S.N.
    The effect of preservative treatment on a secondary species of wood, Adina cordifolia (Haldu) was studied. Panels were impregnated with creosote, an oil borne preservative, and copper-chrome- arsenic (CCA), a water borne preservative, through immersion treatment. The compressive stress parallel to grain of panels at various preservative retention levels was assessed to find out the change in mechanical strength. An average reduction of 14% compressive stress was noticed in CCA treated haldu panels and slight increase of 2 - 6% was observed in creosote treated panels.
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    Inter-relationship Between Condition Coefficient (K) of Penaeus monodon and Heavy Metals from a Brackish Water Pond
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Mitra, A; Mandal, T; Jamaddar, Y.A; Bhattacharyya, D.P
    The condition coefficient (K) of Penaeus monodon, collected from a traditional brackish water system at Kanmari, about 50 km away from the city of Calcutta, during the period from March 1992 to February 1994, was estimated. During the investigation period, concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in the ambient media (sediment and water) were determined to study the suitability of the environment for the growth and survival of the species. There was a negative correlation between the condition coefficient and the concentration of heavy metals in water.
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    High Density Rearing of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Spawn Indoors using Different Diets
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Dinesh, K; Nair, C. Mohanakumaran
    Three day old spawn of Labeo rohita was reared in indoor tanks with eight different diets, consisting of live feeds, formulated feeds, conventional feeds and different combinations of the above. The experiment was carried out in circular FRP tanks of 83 1 capacity with a stocking density of 10,000 m 3 . The duration of the experiment was 21 days. The diets of Artemia nauplii and Moina have given higher mean specific growth rate (16.45 and 15.3 respectively) and normalized biomass index (352.12 and 267.76 respectively) without any significant statistical difference, while Moina + formulated feed and Artemia + formulated feed have given higher mean survival rates (88.6 and 88.3%, respectively)
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    Seasonal Variations in Hydrographical Parameters, Nutrient Content and Energy Content of the Suspended Particulate Matter in Netravathi - Gurpur Estuary
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Vedamurthy, A.P; Ramesha, TJ; Lakshmipathi, M.T; Hariharan, V
    An attempt has been made to study the energy content distribution in the suspended particulate matter of Netravathi-Gurpur estuary. Hydrological parameters and nutrient content exhibited seasonal variations. Suspended particulate matter gradually increased from January onwards till May at all the stations. The higher particulate matter concentration of 218 mg. I"1 was reported in the month of December. The energy content of detrital matter was less during June to September in spite of greater concentration.
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    Bacterial Flora of the Intestines of Farm Raised Freshwater Fishes Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Ctenopharyngodon idella
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Hatha, A;A.M; Kuruvilla, Seena; Cheriyan, Synobia
    Bacterial flora associated with the intestines of farm raised freshwater fishes such as Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Ctenophan/ngodon idella have been analysed. The mean population of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) of the intestine of L. rohita was 3.2xl06 colony forming units (CFU) per gram and that of C. catla and C. idella were 4.79x10'' and 1.13xl07 CFU respectively. Morphological and physiological grouping of the isolates revealed dominance of gram negative rod shaped bacteria capable of elaborating various hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, lipase and gelatinase. Ureolytic forms were relatively few. Characterisation of the genera revealed the dominance of Aeromonas in the intestine of these fishes. Other genera encountered were Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Alcaligenes, Vibrio, Moraxella, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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    Individual and Combined Acute Lethal Toxicity of Monocrotophos and 2,4-D on the Juveniles of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) (Pisces: Cichlidae)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Nair, J.R. Rajasekharan; Mercy, T.V. Anna; George, Renu Maria
    The 48 h individual and combined lethal toxicity of monocrotophos (insecticide) and 2,4-D (herbicide) on the juveniles of Etroplus suratensis were determined. The 48 h LC of monocrotophos was 5.85 mg.l4 (5.02 to 6.69) and that of 2,4-D was 267.4 mg.l"1 (228.93 to 305.86). The median additive index and its range for the combined toxicity were worked out. The calculated value was -0.185 (-0.541 to 0.083). A simple or strictly additive toxicity is indicated for the mixture of monocrotophos and 2,4-D. This shows an enhanced potential of the individual toxicant for pollution in the natural bodies when they are applied sequentially and even simultaneously
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    Incidence of pathogenic halophilic vibios in frozen fish products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Sanjeev, S.; Varma, P.R.G.; Iyer, T.S.G.
    Three hundred and eighty two samples consisting of iced and frozen fish products were collected from 23 processing factories situated in Kerala and Tamil Nadu for studying the incidence of pathogenic halophilic Vibrios. Halophilic Vibrios were isolated from 193 samples (50.52%). 171 samples (44.76%) were found to be the carriers of pathogenic halophilic Vibrios. Nine species of pathogenic halophilic Vibrios and nine species of non-pathogenic halophilic Vibrios were isolated from these samples. Among pathogenic organisms, Vibrio cincinnatiensis was found to be the dominant species (18.06%) followed by Vibrio alginolyticus (15.18%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (9.42%), Vibrio vulnificus (5.24%) etc. Vibrio harveyi was the major species among non-pathogenic halophilic Vibrios (12.30%).
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    Effect of Petroleum Hydrocarbon on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in an Estuarine Clam, Paphia malabarica
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Modassir, Yasmin; Ansari, Azra
    Commercial grade diesel oil was used as a source of petroleum hydrocarbon to study the toxic effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on physiological and biochemical parameters in an estuarine bivalve, Pnpliin malabarica. The results of the investigation revealed the adverse effect of diesel oil on the growth condition index and biochemical constituents. The growth was affected resulting in reduction of about 30% in the average growth rate after 30 davs. The impact was more with higher concentration. There was reduction in the values of organic carbon and nitrogen. The biochemical constituents such as protein and carbohydrate also showed slight decline while the lipid content increased marginally. The results suggest that exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon may be deleterious to manv marine and estuarine organisms and may change the physiological and biochemical processes, depending on its bioavailability and exposure concentration.
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    Technology induced productivity in fisheries
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2000) Gopal, N.; Menon, S.J.; Annamalai, V.
    Artisanal fisheries in Cochin are characterised by the presence of three types of craft operations (large motorised crafts, small motorised crafts and non-motorised crafts) representing three different technological gradations. The study investigated the technological gradations vis-a-vis capital and labour productivity. It was observed that more sophisticated the technology, higher are the costs as well as gross returns. Though every increase in capital was accompanied by an increase in labour, capital increase per labour was not proportinate, i.e. increase in capital is more than increase in labour, showing a labour saving character in the process of technological sophistication. In terms of productivity, capital productivity declines as capital intensity increases. Optimum use of capital in terms of productivity does not occur in fish harvest technologies.
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    Effect of different methods of icing in the quality of squid and cuttlefish during storage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Prafulla, V.; Liju, F.; Lakshmanan, P.T.
    Quality changes in squid (Loligo duvauceli) and cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), stored under various conditions, viz; (i) direct icing (ii) indirect icing, and (iii) in a mixture of ice and salt at 3% level were evaluated by chemical and sensory methods. The rate of nucleotide degradation was slow for samples kept in the mixture of ice and salt. K-values of samples kept out of direct contact with ice increased at a faster rate than the other two. However, K-values and nucleotide related products showed significant correlation with sensory scores, under these conditions. Total volatile base nitrogen and trimethyl amine nitrogen exhibited a steady and faster rise for indirectly iced samples. There was a significant loss of soluble nitrogenous components and salt in directly iced samples while there was very little loss (<10%) in samples chilled by the other two methods during two weeks period. The study indicated that indirect icing preserves most of the nutrients in squid and cuttlefish, but with shorter shelf life, while chilling in a mixture of salt and ice gave a product of better quality.
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    Characteristics of gel from the meat of twelve species of fish from Visakapatanam coast
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2000) Chakrabarti, R.; Gupta, S.S.
    Proximate composition and gel formation capacity of the meat from twelve low priced fish of Visakhapatnam coast were studied. It was found that the mince from these fish, on steaming formed gel having satisfactory strength. Gel strength of meat samples from fresh fish varied from 450 to -500 gcm. The colour of the steamed cake from jew fish, bull's eye, barracuda and lizard fish was white and it varied from light grey or yellow to grey in the case of goat fish, sardine, rainbow sardine, thread fin trevelly, horse mackerel, cat fish and scad. The fish mince from all the twelve species can be used for preparation of various products.
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    Suspended Matter Distribution in Beypore Estuary
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Nair, M.N. Muraleedharan; Lakshmanan, PT.
    Suspended matter concentration (SMC) in the Beypore Estuary during pre-monsoon and monsoon periods from ten stations during 1987-1988 are presented. Variations in suspended matter load at different water levels over the tidal cycles were monitored at one station. Relatively higher values were obtained during monsoon months compared to premonsoon period. The highest value of 143 mg.l"1 was observed during September 1987 while the lowest value of 2 mg.l"1 was obtained during January 1988. Inverse relationship between suspended matter concentrations and salinity was observed during monsoon months. However, the relationship did not hold good during post-monsoon and summer months. Observations during tidal cycles have shown that bottom waters always registered higher values in suspended matter load, most probably due to the re-suspension of bottom mud owing to scouring effect of tidal currents. Sediment content was found to co-vary with the increase in salinity during summer months. Material brought in through river run off contributes mainly to the suspended matter load in monsoon period while particles of marine origin have the major share during summer season
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    Comparative Microbial Ecology of Fresh Water and Brackish Water Prawn Farms
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2000) Surendran, P.K.; Thampuran, N.; Nambiar, V.N.
    Microbiological characteristics of fresh and brackish water prawn farms along with their physico-chemical parameters have been investigated. Even though water quality was within the accepted limits in the two farms, there were appreciable variations between the two in respect of pH and dissolved oxygen. Total bacterial counts of the water, mud and the cultured prawn from fresh water farm registered lower values, compared with those from the brackish water farm. However indicater bacteria like total coliforms and faecal coliforms were high in number in the fresh water farm. Human pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella Enteropathogenic E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas Enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus, Plessiomonas shigelloides and other pathogenic Vibrios were also monitored in respect of two types of farm environments. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacterial cultures from the two farms towards seven commonly used antibiotics showed comparable values.
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    Water-Stability of Pelleted Fish Feeds Prepared from Non-Conventional Sources
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Jayadev, W; Vishwanath, W
    Fish feed was formulated using easily available low cost material as protein source and the water stability of the formulated feed was tested. It was found that feeds with higher fat content had better stability in water
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    Occurrence of caliphages in fish and aquaculture farms
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Madhusudana Rao, B.; Surendran, P.K.
    Coliphages were detected in water samples collected from brackish water and fresh water fish farms. Coliphages were also detected in the farmed fresh water fish, common carp and marine fish, oil sardine, from local market. Coliphage levels obtained were as follows:- water from brackish water fish farm 3 pfu.ml-1, water from fresh water fish farm 23 pfu.ml-1, fresh water fish 240 pfu.g-1 and marine fish 3500 pfu.g-1 .
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    Destruction of Surface-Inoculated Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi in Rohu (Labeo rohita) Steaks during Microwave Cooking
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Muzaddadi, A.U; Nayak, B.B
    The destruction of bacteria during microwave cooking of fish was studied. Fish steaks were surface-inoculated with Esclierichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi and cooked in a microwave oven. The bacteria were enumerated by plating on selective and non selective media and by MPN technique. The vegetative cells of S. typhi and V. cholerae were totally destroyed from an initial count of 107 cfu/g to a non detectable level and E. coli was destroyed from an initial count of 107 cfu/g to 1 cfu/lOg after microwave treatment. Cooking for a longer duration at low power output level was found to ensure the killing of pathogens and minimize bumping without any distortion of shape.
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    Quality changes in whale shark (Rhiniodon typus Smith) meat during storage in ice.
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2000) Kumar, K.A.; Ravishankar, C.N.; Badonia, R.; Solanki, K.K.
    The biochemical, bacteriological and organoleptic changes in whale shark (Rhiniodon typus Smith) meat during storage in ice have been studied. There was a decrease in the proportion of soluble fractions of protein during storage. It was observed that the meat could be stored in ice up to 12 days in acceptable condition.
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    Adoption of improved practices and annual fish catches among mechanised boat owners
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 2000) Balasubramaniam, S.; Pravin, P.; Sreevalsan, J.M.; Mohan, B.
    This paper deals with the adoption of improved practices and annual fish catches among mechanized fishing boat owners in six fishing centers. The results revealed that in Gujarat, Veraval center had higher adoption of improved technologies (61.16%), followed by Mangrol (56.64%) and Porbundar (49.92%). The adoption scores in the Kerala fishing centers were in the high category (>85%). The annual average fish catches in the fishing centers of Gujarat were found to be above 78 t and in Kerala, it was higher in Cochin (95.29 t) followed by Kozhikode (39.47 t) and Quilon (28.90 t). Regression analyses on the adoption scores among Gujarat respondents revealed that three variables viz., investment on boat, number of trawl nets operated and awareness about improved practices would have to be strengthened to increase the extent of adoption of improved practices. Further, sixteen socio-personal and technological variables were found to have significant joint influence (>81%) on the annual fish catches in the three fishing centers.