2000

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    Adoption of improved practices and annual fish catches among mechanised boat owners
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 2000) Balasubramaniam, S.; Pravin, P.; Sreevalsan, J.M.; Mohan, B.
    This paper deals with the adoption of improved practices and annual fish catches among mechanized fishing boat owners in six fishing centers. The results revealed that in Gujarat, Veraval center had higher adoption of improved technologies (61.16%), followed by Mangrol (56.64%) and Porbundar (49.92%). The adoption scores in the Kerala fishing centers were in the high category (>85%). The annual average fish catches in the fishing centers of Gujarat were found to be above 78 t and in Kerala, it was higher in Cochin (95.29 t) followed by Kozhikode (39.47 t) and Quilon (28.90 t). Regression analyses on the adoption scores among Gujarat respondents revealed that three variables viz., investment on boat, number of trawl nets operated and awareness about improved practices would have to be strengthened to increase the extent of adoption of improved practices. Further, sixteen socio-personal and technological variables were found to have significant joint influence (>81%) on the annual fish catches in the three fishing centers.
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    Bacterial Flora of the Intestines of Farm Raised Freshwater Fishes Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Ctenopharyngodon idella
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Hatha, A;A.M; Kuruvilla, Seena; Cheriyan, Synobia
    Bacterial flora associated with the intestines of farm raised freshwater fishes such as Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Ctenophan/ngodon idella have been analysed. The mean population of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) of the intestine of L. rohita was 3.2xl06 colony forming units (CFU) per gram and that of C. catla and C. idella were 4.79x10'' and 1.13xl07 CFU respectively. Morphological and physiological grouping of the isolates revealed dominance of gram negative rod shaped bacteria capable of elaborating various hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, lipase and gelatinase. Ureolytic forms were relatively few. Characterisation of the genera revealed the dominance of Aeromonas in the intestine of these fishes. Other genera encountered were Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Alcaligenes, Vibrio, Moraxella, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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    Biochemical investigations on Antarctic krill Euphausia superba
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2000) Ragunath, M.R.; Sankar, T.V.; Radhakrishnan, A.G.; Mathew, S.; Ammu, K.
    Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana), caught by the first Indian krill expedition was processed on board into whole krill, peeled tail meat and whole krill mince. These were analysed for trace metals, lipids, cholesterol, fatty acids and amino acids. Autolysis at various pH and temperatures as well as thermal coagulation of krill mince suspended in various media were also studied. Trace metals were below toxic levels while no pesticides were detected. Krill tail meat had small amount of lipids and cholesterol (0.81 and 0.033% respectively). The lipids were rich in C18:1, C20:5, C22:6, fatty acids. Autolytic activity at pH 3-4 and 8-10 was predominant in whole krill at 20 and 40 degree C but autolysis in tail meat was very low. Nearly 80% of the soluble proteins in krill suspension could be precipitated by rapid heating.
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    Biochemical, Nutritional and Microbiological Quality of Six Species of Smoked Fishes from Manipur
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Lilabati, H; Vishwanath, W
    Biochemical, nutritional and microbiological quality of six smoked fishes viz. Esomus danricus, Puntius sophore, Mystus bleekeri, Amblypharyngodcm mo/a, Notopterus notopterus and Glossogobius giuris of Manipur were analysed. Non protein nitrogen (NPN) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) were 0.50 to 1.86% and 40.00 to 80.00 mg% respectively. In vitro digestibility of one sample (P. sophore) was higher than that of casein. Alpha amino nitrogen liberated in pepsin phase were 28.44 to 49.75% of total N and in trypsin phase, 53.25 to 70.37% of total N. Available lysine content was 2.17 to 4.68 g/16g of N. Total plate count of bacteria (TPC), total plate count of fungi (TFC), most probable number (MPN) of coliform, Staphylococcus aureus and faecal Streptococci counts were lOMO g-1, lOMO g-1, O-lO g"1, and lOMO g"1 respectively. But Escherichia coli and Salmonella were not detected in any of the smoked fishes studied. Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium cladosporoides were the dominant fungal flora.
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    Characteristics of gel from the meat of twelve species of fish from Visakapatanam coast
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2000) Chakrabarti, R.; Gupta, S.S.
    Proximate composition and gel formation capacity of the meat from twelve low priced fish of Visakhapatnam coast were studied. It was found that the mince from these fish, on steaming formed gel having satisfactory strength. Gel strength of meat samples from fresh fish varied from 450 to -500 gcm. The colour of the steamed cake from jew fish, bull's eye, barracuda and lizard fish was white and it varied from light grey or yellow to grey in the case of goat fish, sardine, rainbow sardine, thread fin trevelly, horse mackerel, cat fish and scad. The fish mince from all the twelve species can be used for preparation of various products.
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    Comparative Microbial Ecology of Fresh Water and Brackish Water Prawn Farms
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2000) Surendran, P.K.; Thampuran, N.; Nambiar, V.N.
    Microbiological characteristics of fresh and brackish water prawn farms along with their physico-chemical parameters have been investigated. Even though water quality was within the accepted limits in the two farms, there were appreciable variations between the two in respect of pH and dissolved oxygen. Total bacterial counts of the water, mud and the cultured prawn from fresh water farm registered lower values, compared with those from the brackish water farm. However indicater bacteria like total coliforms and faecal coliforms were high in number in the fresh water farm. Human pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella Enteropathogenic E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas Enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus, Plessiomonas shigelloides and other pathogenic Vibrios were also monitored in respect of two types of farm environments. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacterial cultures from the two farms towards seven commonly used antibiotics showed comparable values.
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    A Comparative Study on the Radiation Preservation of Marine (Seer fish) as well as Fresh Water Fish (Cat fish)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Sreerekha, P.S; Nishamol, K.M; Alur, M.D; Bongirwar, D.R
    Seer, a marine fish and cat fish, a fresh water fish, were compared for their amenability to radiation preservation during storage at 2-30C employing sensory, bacteriological and biochemical parameters. Although both the fish varieties exhibited a two-fold extension in shelf life by radiation treatment at 1-3 kGy over controls, the biochemical parameters tested (TMAN and TVBN) failed to monitor the quality of fresh water fish (cat fish). On the other hand, with respect to marine fish (seer), biochemical and microbiological quality correlated well with sensory evaluation data
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    Composite Farming of the Green Mussel, Perna viridis with the Shrimp Penaeus monodon along the Okhamandal Coast of Arabian Sea in Gujarat
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Subrahmanyam, N; Gopalakrishanan, P
    The results of an onshore raft-cum-rope culture experiment of green mussel, Perna viridis with shrimp, Penaeus monodon in a shallow sea water pond system are reported. The seed of P. viridis measuring an average of 21.2 mm in length and 1.2 g in weight attained an average of 68.5 mm in length and 24.2 g shell on weight in 150 days of culture. The harvested mussel had a meat content of 32.66%. The results, when compared with the reported data in open sea farming from other parts of the country, were found to be highly encouraging
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    Destruction of Surface-Inoculated Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi in Rohu (Labeo rohita) Steaks during Microwave Cooking
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Muzaddadi, A.U; Nayak, B.B
    The destruction of bacteria during microwave cooking of fish was studied. Fish steaks were surface-inoculated with Esclierichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi and cooked in a microwave oven. The bacteria were enumerated by plating on selective and non selective media and by MPN technique. The vegetative cells of S. typhi and V. cholerae were totally destroyed from an initial count of 107 cfu/g to a non detectable level and E. coli was destroyed from an initial count of 107 cfu/g to 1 cfu/lOg after microwave treatment. Cooking for a longer duration at low power output level was found to ensure the killing of pathogens and minimize bumping without any distortion of shape.
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    Effect of different methods of icing in the quality of squid and cuttlefish during storage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Prafulla, V.; Liju, F.; Lakshmanan, P.T.
    Quality changes in squid (Loligo duvauceli) and cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), stored under various conditions, viz; (i) direct icing (ii) indirect icing, and (iii) in a mixture of ice and salt at 3% level were evaluated by chemical and sensory methods. The rate of nucleotide degradation was slow for samples kept in the mixture of ice and salt. K-values of samples kept out of direct contact with ice increased at a faster rate than the other two. However, K-values and nucleotide related products showed significant correlation with sensory scores, under these conditions. Total volatile base nitrogen and trimethyl amine nitrogen exhibited a steady and faster rise for indirectly iced samples. There was a significant loss of soluble nitrogenous components and salt in directly iced samples while there was very little loss (<10%) in samples chilled by the other two methods during two weeks period. The study indicated that indirect icing preserves most of the nutrients in squid and cuttlefish, but with shorter shelf life, while chilling in a mixture of salt and ice gave a product of better quality.
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    Effect of Petroleum Hydrocarbon on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in an Estuarine Clam, Paphia malabarica
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Modassir, Yasmin; Ansari, Azra
    Commercial grade diesel oil was used as a source of petroleum hydrocarbon to study the toxic effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on physiological and biochemical parameters in an estuarine bivalve, Pnpliin malabarica. The results of the investigation revealed the adverse effect of diesel oil on the growth condition index and biochemical constituents. The growth was affected resulting in reduction of about 30% in the average growth rate after 30 davs. The impact was more with higher concentration. There was reduction in the values of organic carbon and nitrogen. The biochemical constituents such as protein and carbohydrate also showed slight decline while the lipid content increased marginally. The results suggest that exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon may be deleterious to manv marine and estuarine organisms and may change the physiological and biochemical processes, depending on its bioavailability and exposure concentration.
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    Effect of Varying Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Catla catla Fry in Nursery Cisterns
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Mondal, A.M; Murthy, H. Shivananda; Satheesha, S.K
    Nursery rearing of carps is one of the important management practices for successful fish culture. Better health, growth and survival of the fish seed can be achieved by appropriate rearing methods. This study was undertaken to determine the optimum stocking density of Catla catla fry in nursery ponds. Catla spawn were stocked at the rate of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 million, ha"1 in triplicate cisterns and designated as Sj, S2, S3, and S4, respectively. They were fed with a diet containing 38.5% protein (soya flour and fish meal based). The best growth and survival of catla fry were recorded in Sj followed by S2, S3, and S4. However, S4 (4.0 million, ha"1) was found to be cost effective with higher net return.
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    Effects of creosote and copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA) treatment on the compressive strength of haldu wood (adina cardifolia benth & hook)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Leela Edwin; Thomas, S.N.
    The effect of preservative treatment on a secondary species of wood, Adina cordifolia (Haldu) was studied. Panels were impregnated with creosote, an oil borne preservative, and copper-chrome- arsenic (CCA), a water borne preservative, through immersion treatment. The compressive stress parallel to grain of panels at various preservative retention levels was assessed to find out the change in mechanical strength. An average reduction of 14% compressive stress was noticed in CCA treated haldu panels and slight increase of 2 - 6% was observed in creosote treated panels.
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    High Density Rearing of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Spawn Indoors using Different Diets
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Dinesh, K; Nair, C. Mohanakumaran
    Three day old spawn of Labeo rohita was reared in indoor tanks with eight different diets, consisting of live feeds, formulated feeds, conventional feeds and different combinations of the above. The experiment was carried out in circular FRP tanks of 83 1 capacity with a stocking density of 10,000 m 3 . The duration of the experiment was 21 days. The diets of Artemia nauplii and Moina have given higher mean specific growth rate (16.45 and 15.3 respectively) and normalized biomass index (352.12 and 267.76 respectively) without any significant statistical difference, while Moina + formulated feed and Artemia + formulated feed have given higher mean survival rates (88.6 and 88.3%, respectively)
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    Impact of Some Hormone Combinations on Feed Utilization, RNA/DNA Ratio, Enzyme Activity, Growth and Survival of Pearlspot, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Sambhu, C; Jayaprakas, V
    Juveniles of pearlspot were reared by feeding diets enriched with steroid and protein hormone combinations: Testosterone propionate (TP), Diethyl stilbestrol (DES) and Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at various doses for a period of 120 days and their growth performance was evaluated. The dosages of the hormone combinations were TP 2.0 ppm+DES 1.0 ppm (Tj), TP 2.0 ppm+HCG 5.0 ppm (T2), DES 1.0 ppm+HCG 5.0 ppm (T3) and TP 2.0 ppm+DES 1.0 ppm+HCG 5.0 ppm (T4). The fishes which received diets containing combinations of TP+HCG achieved the highest growth (40.10 g). Feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency and nutrient digestibility were higher in this group. Digestive enzyme activity was maximum (590.34 units/g tissue) in the intestine of fishes fed on diet containing TP+HCG. The RNA/DNA ratio and protein contents in the muscle increased concomitant with the high growth rate.
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    Incidence of pathogenic halophilic vibios in frozen fish products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Sanjeev, S.; Varma, P.R.G.; Iyer, T.S.G.
    Three hundred and eighty two samples consisting of iced and frozen fish products were collected from 23 processing factories situated in Kerala and Tamil Nadu for studying the incidence of pathogenic halophilic Vibrios. Halophilic Vibrios were isolated from 193 samples (50.52%). 171 samples (44.76%) were found to be the carriers of pathogenic halophilic Vibrios. Nine species of pathogenic halophilic Vibrios and nine species of non-pathogenic halophilic Vibrios were isolated from these samples. Among pathogenic organisms, Vibrio cincinnatiensis was found to be the dominant species (18.06%) followed by Vibrio alginolyticus (15.18%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (9.42%), Vibrio vulnificus (5.24%) etc. Vibrio harveyi was the major species among non-pathogenic halophilic Vibrios (12.30%).
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    Individual and Combined Acute Lethal Toxicity of Monocrotophos and 2,4-D on the Juveniles of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) (Pisces: Cichlidae)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Nair, J.R. Rajasekharan; Mercy, T.V. Anna; George, Renu Maria
    The 48 h individual and combined lethal toxicity of monocrotophos (insecticide) and 2,4-D (herbicide) on the juveniles of Etroplus suratensis were determined. The 48 h LC of monocrotophos was 5.85 mg.l4 (5.02 to 6.69) and that of 2,4-D was 267.4 mg.l"1 (228.93 to 305.86). The median additive index and its range for the combined toxicity were worked out. The calculated value was -0.185 (-0.541 to 0.083). A simple or strictly additive toxicity is indicated for the mixture of monocrotophos and 2,4-D. This shows an enhanced potential of the individual toxicant for pollution in the natural bodies when they are applied sequentially and even simultaneously
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    Inter-relationship Between Condition Coefficient (K) of Penaeus monodon and Heavy Metals from a Brackish Water Pond
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2000) Mitra, A; Mandal, T; Jamaddar, Y.A; Bhattacharyya, D.P
    The condition coefficient (K) of Penaeus monodon, collected from a traditional brackish water system at Kanmari, about 50 km away from the city of Calcutta, during the period from March 1992 to February 1994, was estimated. During the investigation period, concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in the ambient media (sediment and water) were determined to study the suitability of the environment for the growth and survival of the species. There was a negative correlation between the condition coefficient and the concentration of heavy metals in water.
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    New technique for the separation of jelly fish in trawl codend
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Varghese, M.D.; Vijayan, V.; Manoharadoss, R.S.
    The cod end of trawl is often filled with large quantity of jelly fish during post monsoon period, resulting in gear damage or abandoning of the catch. A new technique of incorporating large mesh (70-90 mm) false cod end extending between the throat and up to 2/3rd length of cod end effectively separated jelly fish from the target species facilitating the discard easier. Onboard tests proved the possibility of saving the catch almost completely without damaging the gear.
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    Occurrence of caliphages in fish and aquaculture farms
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2000) Madhusudana Rao, B.; Surendran, P.K.
    Coliphages were detected in water samples collected from brackish water and fresh water fish farms. Coliphages were also detected in the farmed fresh water fish, common carp and marine fish, oil sardine, from local market. Coliphage levels obtained were as follows:- water from brackish water fish farm 3 pfu.ml-1, water from fresh water fish farm 23 pfu.ml-1, fresh water fish 240 pfu.g-1 and marine fish 3500 pfu.g-1 .