FT Vol.57(1)

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    Biosurfactants and its Applications in Aquaculture
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Nadella, Ranjit Kumar; Muthulakshmi, T.; Minimol, V. A.; Murugadas, V.; Basha, K. A.; Joseph, Toms C.; Prasad, M. M.
    Aquatic environments harbour a wide diversity of microorganisms that produce several novel compounds. Biosurfactant is a compound synthesized by microorganisms which have distinct physiological and metabolic pathways. Structurally they are amphiphilic molecules with hydrophilic moiety (tail) and hydrophobic moiety (head) that accumulates between two fluid phases and reduces surface tension. The property of a particular biosurfactant molecule is dependent on the location as well as the size of the functional groups. These biosurfactants can form strong emulsions at wide ranges of pH and temperature. The physico-chemical and biological properties are unique which makes the biosurfactant widely applicable in different fields, including aquaculture. Most common applications include inhibition of quorum sensing mechanism of the bacterial communication and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In case of fish feed processing industries, the emulsions formed by the biosurfactant can be incorporated into diet. The micelle forming property of the biosurfactant can be exploited for developing targeted drug delivery techniques. The methodologies and techniques for screening potential microorganisms which produce biosurfactant from aquatic environment and its application in aquaculture sector assume great importance. This communication provides a detailed review on the developments in these areas.
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    Comparative Analysis of Consumer Behaviour between Traditional Fish Markets and Modern Retail Outlets in Kolkata, West Bengal
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Bhutia, Tenji Pem; Yadav, Vinod Kumar; Qureshi, Neha Wajahat; Kumar, Nalini Ranjan; Ojha, Shekhar Nath
    The present study was conducted in Kolkata, to examine if there is any difference in consumer behavior from traditional fish markets to modern fish markets. The survey included 300 households, 150 each from the traditional fish markets and modern retail outlets. The perception study showed that 49, 70 and 61% of the respondents perceived quality, variety and price of fish as good, plenty and reasonable, respectively in traditional fish markets, while 67, 53 and 49% of the consumers perceived quality, variety and price as average, very few and very high respectively in modern retail markets. Perception index score revealed that 82.67% had perceived traditional market as good (>0.66) in the context of quality, variety and price, while modern retail outlets are perceived poor, (<0.33) by 62% of consumers. The regression adjustment model revealed that anticipated expenditure of consumer on fish and fish products was Rs. 980 more in modern retail outlets than the traditional fish markets. To enhance the efficiency and enhance consumer’s satisfaction, modern retailers should increase the variety of fishes while traditional markets need to improve hygiene.
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    Analysis of Marine Products Export from India using Markov-Chain Analysis
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Chandrasekar, V.; Paramasivam, P.; Jayanthi, C.; Sathy, R.; Gopal, Nikita; Mani, K.
    The present study analyses the changing pattern of marine product exports from India to seven regions/ countries such as Japan, USA, European Union (E.U), China, South East Asia (SEA), Middle East (ME) and others, during two decades from 1995 to 2015. The average growth rate of marine seafood export in relation to quantity and value for the two decades was 6.78 and 12.5% respectively. Frozen shrimp export quantity had nearly 40% share in the total export basket. Instability in value was higher than the quantity of export, out of which frozen shrimp price instability was nearly 60%. Using Markov Chain Analysis, it was observed that European Union was having higher probability of retention (0.82) compared to the other regions. In the first decade Japan was the major importer with higher probability of retention which reduced from 0.91 to 0.56 during the second decade with a gain by European Union (0.87) in the same decade.
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    Culture Medium and Growth Phase Modulate the Fatty Acid Composition of the Diatom Nitzschia palea (Kutzing) W. Smith-Potential Source for Live Feed and Biodiesel
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Krishnan, Aswathy; Anandan, R.; Joseph, Aneykutty
    The fresh water diatom Nitzschia palea was cultured in four different culture media viz., f/2, Walne’s, Chu and WC to determine the quality and production of lipids and fatty acids in this diatom during exponential and stationary phases of growth. The lipid content showed significant variation between culture media i.e. 10.97, 13.98, 25.43 and 21.43% in the exponential phase and 19.09, 21.41, 19.29 and 18.54% in the stationary phase in f/2, Walne’s, Chu and WC medium, respectively. The lipid fraction of N. palea was mainly composed of myristic acid (11.76 -19.8%), pentadecanoic acid (7.76 - 18.18%), palmitic acid (3.0 - 15.1%), palmitoleic acid (3 - 15.1%), arachidonic acid (5.03 - 21.61%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (2.61 - 19.86%). Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) production was found to increase from exponential to stationary phase in all the culture media studied. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were found to decrease in percentage from exponential to stationary phase in f/2 and Walne’s medium whereas in Chu and WC medium MUFAs showed an increase in percentage in the stationary phase. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a decrease in quantity as the culture entered stationary phase. The results revealed that the culture medium and the growth phase affect the quantity of fatty acids considerably and the percentage of fatty acids in each medium and growth phase are significantly different (p<0.5). In N. palea appreciable amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were found which establishes the importance of this diatom in the field of aquaculture as live feed and biofuel production.
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    Effect of Chitosan Hydrogel inclusion on Centesimal Composition of Pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) (Sauvage, 1878) Emulsion Sausages under Refrigerated Storage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Chattopadhyay, Kasturi; Xavier, K. A. Martin; Layana, P.; Balange, A. K.; Nayak, B. B.
    Chitosan is a diverse polymer of biological origin having a widespread application in food industry. The cross linking properties of chitosan beneficially affects the protein-carbohydrate interactions which in turn enhances the functional properties in emulsion based meat products. In this context, the present study was conducted to incorporate chitosan hydrogel in varying ratio (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375 and 0.5%) into fish mince (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) (Sauvage, 1878) sausages in order to develop a functional sausage products upon storage. Samples without chitosan additions showed a significant and rapid decline in the crude protein content after the 24th day of storage in contrast to the chitosan treated groups where a slower rate of decline was found only after 48th days of storage. Fat content also showed greater stability in the values in case of chitosan added samples upto 48th days of storage in comparison to the control samples where a rapid decrease in the contents were observed. However, ash and carbohydrate content showed minor variations among the treatment and control groups though all were showing decreasing trend upon storage. The comparative analysis of centisimal composition of the produced sausages showed that inclusion of chitosan gel had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the keeping quality of the product when compared with control and can be presumed as a superior ready-to eat quality product.
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    Transportation Prototype for Live Distribution of Mud Crab in Seafood Supply Chain
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Parvathy, U.; Nagori, Ankur; Binsi, P. K.; Ravishankar, C. N.
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    Prevalence of Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) Genes and Beta-lactamase Genes among Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli from Shellfish
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Divya, Sukumaran P.; Chandradasan, Athira; Pranav, P. K.; Antony, Ally C.; Hatha, A. A. Mohamed
    The objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance (PMQR) genes and betalactamase genes in Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli from shellfish. A total of 35 Salmonella, 22 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and 58 Escherichia coli of shellfish origin were used in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Salmonella, V. parahaemolyticus, and E. coli against different antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were analyzed by microdilution method for all nalidixic acid/ ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. All the isolates were screened for the presence of PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, and oqxA) and betalactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTXM-1). The prevalence of nalidixic acid resistance was 5.7, 9, and 3.4% in Salmonella, V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli, respectively. Approximately, 4.5% of V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of PMQR harboring Salmonella, V. parahaemolyticus, and E. coli was 22, 9 and 3% respectively. The prevalence of betalactamase genes in Salmonella, V. parahaemolyticus, and E. coli were 17.14, 9 and 5.1%, respectively. The most prevalent PMQR and beta-lactamase genes were qnrS and blaTEM, respectively. The co-occurrence of PMQR and beta-lactamase genes in V. parahaemolyticus and Salmonella, from shellfish, poses a public health concern.
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    Median Lethal Concentration of Zanthoxylum rhetsa seed extracts on Grass carp Fingerlings (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (Valenciennes, 1844) in Captive Condition
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Jomang, Olik; Behera, S.; Bhakta, Dibakar; Baksi, Snigdha; Saha, Shibam
    The bark extracts of the plant Zanthoxylum rhetsa have been widely used by people of Arunachal Pradesh as a mean of catching fish. Therefore, the median lethal concentration (LC50) value of Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark extracts on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (Valenciennes, 1844) has been determined in the present study. The seeds of Z. rhetsa were collected from the forest of Tarak village, located in the Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh and the toxicity test was conducted in the control condition. Five different concentrations of the extract viz., 25 mg l-1, 35 mg l-1, 45 mg l-1, 55 mg l-1 and 65 mg l-1 were prepared by adding the extracts proportionately to the water. The LC50 value of Z. rhetsa against C. idella was hosted as 45 mg l-1 for 96 h exposure period. Toxicity of aqueous solution of Z. rhetsa against fingerlings of grass carp was found to be time and dose-dependent. It was found that there was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the mortality of the treated fish with the concentration of seed extract of Z. rhetsa. A very strong correlation coefficient was found between the mortality of test fish and exposure of seed extract of Z. rhetsa (r=0.998) at different concentrations. The finding established that Z. rhesta has a potential piscicidal effect on fish and could be used widely to control unwanted fishes in aquaculture systems.
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    Effect of Sub-Lethal Concentration of Iron on Growth and Survival of Daphnia (Müller, 1785)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Kumar, Kanchan; Tiwari, V. K.; Dube, Kiran; Prakash, Chandra; Rani, A. M. Babitha; Verma, A. K.
    In the present study the effect of iron on growth and survival of Daphnia (Müller, 1785) has been studied. Neonates of Daphnia were exposed to different water-borne iron concentrations. Although iron is toxic at high concentrations, they are also essential elements required for many biological processes. Iron is a vital metal for Daphnia for normal development and reproduction. Mass culture of Daphnia has been done in plastic tubs. During experiment, the effects of iron on Daphnia were studied at an exposure equivalent to the 48 h LC50. Based on the LC50, seven Fe2+ levels (prepared through serial dilution from a stock solution of 5 mgL-1) for the chronic toxicity tests were selected. These were 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00 mg L-1of Fe2+. The population density of Daphnia increased with increase of sub-lethal dosages of iron and decreased significantly at higher toxic dosages, indicating that iron is required as micronutrients for stimulating growth in terms of population density.
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    Web Based Information System for Value Added Fish Products (CIFTFISHPRO)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2020) Joshy, C. G.; Shyla, N. C.; Ninan, George; Kumar, K. Ashok; Ravishankar, C. N.
    CIFTFISHPRO is a web based information system for value added fish products to support small or medium scale entrepreneurs for better utilization of fishery resources. The system provides information on series of value added fish products, ingredients required for the product and stepwise method of preparation of the product. The system also helps the users to automatically quantify the ingredients required while up-scaling the product and also the approximate cost of production. CIFTFISHPRO has a home page with a link on series of fish products and up-scaling page for each product with a hyperlink. The home page of CIFTFISHPRO was designed and developed using hypertext markup language (HTML), hypertext preprocessor (PHP) and Cascading style sheets (CSS). The algorithm for up-scaling the product was developed by using HTML and Javascript. CIFTFISHPRO is a web based, open and easily accessible software from any arbitrary platforms through internet. The system would help entrepreneurs or stakeholder to plan, design and execute the development of value added fish products.