2021

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    Ethnic Foods and Food based Traditional Knowledge of Fishing community in Kerala, India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Ashok, Arathy; Sreejith, S.; Benjamin, Diana; Bindu, J.; Gopal, Nikita
    Ethnic food systems represent the culture, traditions and customs a community followsand can be considered to be on par with the ethno botanical food and medicinal knowledge. Fishing communities also possesses knowledge on the nutritional and medicinal values related to the diverse resources of the sea. Proper documentation of such systems can refurbish our food habits and can act as repositories for ensuring that these are back in the culinary practices. .This communication presents some of the information that was documented from a study carried out in six coastal districts of Kerala during 2015-2016 in 47 fishing villages focussed on the various indigenous traditional knowledge practised in fishing and highlights the various traditional fish based foods in the community. Distinct beliefs regarding nutritional and medicinal use of different fishes along different places in Kerala have also been discussed in this paper.
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    Characterization of tailed phages against E. coli using DNA restriction digestion analysis
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Karthika, R.; George, Iris; Murugadas, V.; Jeswin, J.; Sherin, P. S. Anna; Sanjeev, Devi; Visnuvinayagam, S.; Manikanta, B.; Prasad, M. M.; Rao, B. Madhusudana
    In the context of emerging newer forms of antimicrobial resistance multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug resistance (XDR) and pan drug resistance (PDR) in pathogens, bacteriophages remain a promising alternative antimicrobial weapon to control it (Falagas & Karageorgopoulos, 2008, Magiorakos et al., 2012, Ghajavand et al., 2017). Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria and have many advantages when used alone or in combination with antibiotics viz., host specificity, self-limiting replications, harmlessness to the native microflora, longer period for resistance development, are significantly safer and are better tolerated without infecting mammalian cells (Principi et al., 2019). Bacteriophages can disperse a bacterial biofilm, which is very difficult to eradicate with standard antibiotic therapy (Lu & Collins, 2007). Bacteriophages enter the host bacteria through the receptors, replicate inside the host with the host cellular machinery and enter either lytic or lysogenic mode (Ofir & Sorek, 2018). Owing to these unique characteristics, bacteriophages are being freshly evaluated taxonomically (Sharma et al., 2017). Various aquatic environments such as sewage, canals, rivers, lakes, mangroves, coastal waters, aquaculture ponds, etc. remain a sink for the presence of diverse bacteriophages with variations in the host range of activities (Flu & Flu, 1947; Jin et al., 2019; Topka et al., 2019).
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    Functional Properties of Surimi Powder prepared from Croaker fish (Otolihoides biauritus)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Balange, Amjad K; Xavier, K. A. Martin; Javith, S. Mohammed Akram; Chattopadhyay, Kasturi; Das, P. Sambit Kisore; Reddy, Ramakrishna
    Surimi industry forms an important sector in fish processing because of useful functional properties found in surimi which makes it a suitable raw material in the manufacture of restructured products. However, prolonged cold storage of surimi results in deterioration of its quality and increases storage costs. Therefore, drying surimi under controlled condition to make surimi powder which is stable at room temperature can be an alternative to traditional surimi and this leads to a new approach in surimi industry. In the present study, mechanical drying technique was evaluated for surimi powder prepared from croaker fish (Otolihoides biauritus). Functional properties of the prepared surimi powder were studied. This study revealed that the proximate composition of surimi and surimi powder showed significant difference (p<0.05) in protein, fat and ash contents. Functional quality parameters of surimi powder like solubility, water holding capacity, emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity values were 18.4%, 11 ml g-1, 40% and 37.5% respectively. Instrumental colour parameters such as lightness, redness and yellowness values were significantly higher (p<0.05) in surimi powder than the surimi. Whiteness index observed was significantly higher (p<0.05) in surimi powder than the surimi. These results indicate that surimi powders can be used as a functional ingredient for the preparation of fish-based products as well as in food formulations, which of course need separate studies.
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    Efficacy of a Closed Water Depuration System with Charcoal filter on the Bacteriological quality of Villorita cyprinoides var. cochinensis (Hanley, 1866)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2021) Antony, Ally C.; Silvester, Reshma; Aneesa, P. A; Francis, Bini; Abdulla, Mohamed Hatha
    Bivalves are good bio-indicators of the sanitary quality of the aquatic bodies in which they survive. The sanitary quality of the shellfish harvesting areas is assessed based on the faecal coliforms/E. coli levels of the harvesting water/shellfish tissue; on exceeding the regulatory limits depuration suggested. In the present study, the efficacy of a closed water depuration system attached with a charcoal filter to depurate Indian black clams (Villorita cyprinoides var. cochinensis (Hanley, 1866) was evaluated. The depuration system consisted of a closed water holding glass tank, with a wall-hung immersion water pump which re-circulated (18 l min-1) the seawater [salinity – 10 ppt, pH -7.3, ambient temperature (29-30°C)] through a coconut shell based activated carbon (charcoal) filter. Clams were sampled at time intervals of 0, 6, 12, 24, 72, and 96 h to assess the reduction of total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS). Initial TC, FC, FS and Salmonella loads were assessed using standard microbiological methods. Salmonella was not detected in any of the clam samples. Complete removal of both FC and FS whose initial loads were 4.6 x 104 MPN 100 g-1 and 1.1 × 105 MPN 100 g-1 respectively was observed within 48 h. Maximum rate of depuration of TC, FC as well as FS were observed during the initial first 6 h. However, TC could not be fully depurated even after 96 h of depuration. The differences in the depuration rates of TC, FC and FS were found to be statisticallysignificant (p<0.05). The FC load of the black clams selected for the study conformed only to the class C shellfish growing area of EU which could be reduced to acceptable regulatory limits of <230MPN 100 g-1 of depurated shellfish; which proved the system used is efficient. The system uses simple, cost-effective, easily available, natural, and renewable water treating agent such as coconut shellbased activated carbon and is suitable for household purposes. In India, black clams do not have much export value and is also not preferred to be eaten raw. Hence less stringent, cost-effective, and simple depuration measures as mentioned above may be sufficient enough to meet the required sanitary quality as it is consumed only after proper cooking.
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    Ice Utilization in the Fisheries Sector of Kerala
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Geethalakshmi, V.; Nair, V. Radhakrishnan; Gopal, Nikita
    India is one of the top fish producing countries in the world, with its current fish production at 11.42 million mt (Fig. 1). The 1990’s saw a boost in aquaculture production from India (Fig. 2) increasing the total fish production manifold from a mere 75,000 MT in the 1950-51 to 4.87 lakh and presently the country stands third in fish production and second in aquaculture production in the world.
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    Effect of Green tea Extract on the Quality of Fish Nuggets during Chilled Storage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Jeyakumari, A.; Ninan, George; . Visnuvinayagam, S; Murthy, L. Narasimha
    In the present study, fish nuggets were prepared from pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) mince and their qualities were evaluated under chilled (2°C) storage. Pink perch mince had 81.46±0.25% moisture, 17.44± 0.20% protein, 0.85±0.05% fat and 1.02±0.02% ash. Fish nuggets were prepared in three different formulations by incorporating corn starch (4%), green tea extract (0.1%) and BHT (0.01%) in to fish mince referred to as: Control, GTE and BHT respectively. Biochemical and microbiological qualities of fish nuggets were evaluated up to 17th day. Results showed an increasing trend in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values during storage. However, sample containing green tea extract had a lower TBA value (0.34±0.01 to 0.44±0.03 mg MDA kg-1) than BHT incorporated sample (0.42±0.01 to 0.80±0.02 mg MDA/kg) and control (0.82± 0.02 to 2.14±0.01 mg MDA kg-1). Similar trend was also observed for free fatty acids, peroxide value (PV), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) content. Texture analysis showed an increasing trend in hardness of all samples during storage. L* value showed a decreasing trend in (59.59±1.2 to 56.95±0.95) green tea extract incorporated sample. Based on the sensory and microbial analysis, control had a shelf life of 12 days whereas, products incorporated with green tea extract and BHT had an extended shelf life up to 15 days.
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    Crab as bait to lure carnivorous fishes in hook and line fishery in River Cauvery
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2021) Manna, R. K; Mol, Salim Sibina; Vijaykumar, M. E; Kumar, Lohith; Roshith, C. M; Sharma, S. K; Mandi, R. C; Roychowdhury, A.
    Fishing baits are selected ingeniously keeping in the food habits and feeding behaviour of the target species. This type of traditional knowledge needs to be documented as many such ITKs are slowly going into oblivion due to use of advanced fishing gear. At each of the three stations, an average of 100-150 fishers practice hook and line fishing and the random use of crab bait may cause unnecessary stress to the crab populations from conservation start point. Therefore this practice of using crab especially the smaller ones, like in Bhavani, warrants further investigation.
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    Carbon Footprint and Associated Environmental Impacts in Construction of Fishing Vessels: A Preliminary Study
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Jha, Paras Nath; Antony, V. T.; Baiju, M. V.; Yasmi, V. S.; Edwin, Leela
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    Survival Kinetics of Vibrio Species in a Tropical Estuary along the Southwest coast of India - as a function of selected Environmental Factors
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Silvester, Reshma; Antony, Ally C.; Yousuf, Jesmi; Madhavan, Ajin; Sooria, P. M.; Kokkat, Aswin; Harikrishnan, M.; Hatha, Mohamed
    Vibrio species, autochthonous to aquatic environments worldwide, comprises of various species causing serious infections in humans and aquatic animals. Studying the survival ability of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the aquatic environments is significant to identify the risk posed by them to aquatic animals as well as the recreational users of the system. However, in spite of their public health significance, the removal kinetics of this organism are not studied in detail from Cochin estuary, a highly productive estuarine system along the south-west coast of India. Here we aim to study the survival kinetics of pathogenic Vibrio spp. (V. parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, V. proteolyticus, V. alginolyticus and V. vulnificus) in the estuary as a function of biological and physicochemical factors based on microcosm experiments. All the five Vibrio spp. showed prolonged and better survival in the estuarine sediment compared to water. This indicates that the sediments of Cochin estuary may act as permanent repository of this bacterium and is a matter of serious concern. Biological factors and chemical composition of estuarine water revealed to play a significant role in the removal of Vibrios from the estuarine environment. Exposure to sunlight also exhibited deleterious effect on the survival of these organisms. Thus, our overall findings reveal that the estuarine system has a self-purifying capacity to control the pathogens such as Vibrio. However, entry of high load of pathogens into the system through pollution and anthropogenic activities may disrupt this balance.
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    Prevalence of Biofilm associated Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Seafood Pre-processing factories - A potential threat to seafood safety
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2021) Francis, Bini; Abdulla, Mohamed Hatha
    Microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on food contact surfaces in the seafood industry pose major problems and risks to human health. Escherichia coli is a common inhabitant of the intestinal tract of humans and animals and can be easily disseminated in different ecosystems through the food chain and water causing serious infection in human beings. The present study attempted to analyse the biofilm forming capacity of 90 E. coli strains isolated from food contact surfaces in seafood pre-processing plants. Quantification of biofilm formation was done by microtiter plate assay. Among them, 20% of the isolates were strong biofilm producers, 26.67% and 13.33% were moderate and weak producers respectively. Biofilm production was not observed in 40% of the isolated E. coli. All the strong biofilm producers were exo-enzyme producers, which is indicative of their capability in reducing the nutritional value of food and causing spoilage. In addition, the distribution of the genes encoding virulence and biofilm functions in strong biofilm forming E. coli isolates were examined. Multiplex PCR analysis revealed the presence of shiga toxin genes stx1 (44.44%), and stx2 (77.78%), intimin (eae, 38.89%) and enterohemolysin genes (hlyA, 66.67%). Biofilm-associated genes, sdiA and rpoS (100%), were most prevalent, while rcsA (55.56%) was least prevalent in strong biofilm producing E. coli strains. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that strain with strongest biofilm producing capability by in vitro methods establishedbiofilm on stainless steel, plastic and rubber. The findings of this study revealed that food contact surfaces in seafood pre-processing plant harbors biofilm forming E. coli, indicating chance of contamination of seafood with E.coli and high risk of seafood-related illnesses in humans
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    Design and Development of Web Based Information System for Value Added Fish By-products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Joshy, C. G.; . Elavarasan, K; Zynudheen, A. A.; Ninan, George; Kumar, K. Ashok; Ravishankar, C. N.
    A web based information system on value added fish by-products has been designed and developed using hypertext markup language (HTML), hypertext preprocessor (PHP) and cascading style sheets (CSS) as a part of technology transfer and information dissemination through digital mode. The system provides information on series of value added fish by-products with a view to support the stakeholders for better utilization of fish processing discards, so that they can plan and venture into processing of value added fish by-products. The information system also provides information on inputs required for the development of different value added by-products along with stepwise method of preparation. The developed system on value added fish by-products can be accessed through internet from any arbitrary platforms.
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    Antimicrobial Resistance in Vibrio cholerae from Aquatic Environment
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Reethy, P. S.; Lalitha, K. V.
    Vibrio cholerae is an enteric pathogen causing an acute diarrheal disease known as cholera. The disease is acquired through the consumption of food or water contaminated by this microorganism. Antibiotic therapy is recommended in specific situations to significantly reduce the volume of watery faeces and duration of diarrhoea, reducing the transmission of infection. The wide use and abuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, and aquaculture systems have caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in V. cholerae. Several epidemics worldwide were caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) V. cholerae. Various resistance patterns are reported among clinical strains isolated from different parts of the country and across the globe. The drugresistant clinical strains are dispersed into the aquatic environment through faeces/ excreta of humans, discharge from health care facilities or contaminated groundwater. In the aquatic environment, V. cholerae that are susceptible to antibiotics acquire resistance either by frequent exposure to antibiotics over a period of time or through the transfer of resistant genes from other resistant bacteria. In the aquatic system, genetic exchange between bacteria is readily facilitated resulting in the higher frequency of AMR V. cholerae and more commonly exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance.
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    Study of Fish Exploitation Pattern of River Bharathapuzha, Kerala, India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Renjithkumar, C. R.; Roshni, K.; Kurup, B. M.
    A total of 31 finfish species belonging to 7 orders and 28 genera and one shell fish species were recorded in the exploited pattern of Bharathapuzha river. Total annual fish landing from the Bharathapuzha river was quantified as 112.56 t. Highest landing was recorded during the post-monsoon season and lowest during the monsoon season. The main species contributed to the landing are Dawkinsia filamentosa (17.34 t), Systomus sarana (12.06 t), Hypselobarbus kurali (9.89 t), Parambassis dayi (8.39 t) and Wallago attu (7.61). Gibelion catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala (Indian major carps) and Oreochromis mossambicus were the non-native species represented in the exploited fishery. Gill nets, cast nets, seine nets and hook and lines were the major fishing gears used in the river. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) recorded in gill net for major species were Pseudetroplus maculatus (0.75 kg h-1), Devario aequipinnatus (0.5 kg h-1), L. rohita (0.38 kg h-1), D. filamentosa (0.20 kg h-1) and S. sarana (0.18 kg h-1). The highest CPUE recorded in cast net was for Hypselobarbus kurali (0.51 kg h-1), Hyporhamphus xanthopterus (0.50 kg h-1), Mystus vittatus (0.38 kg h-1) and W. attu (0.29 kg h-1). In seine net high CPUE was recorded in Channa striata (0.17 kg h-1), L. rohita (0.16 kg h-1) and Etroplus suratensis (0.13 kg h-1).
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    Quality changes in Ready-to-eat fish spread prepared from low-cost Croaker fish (Otolithus Sp.) and Natural Ingredients
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2021) Pagarkar, A. U; Satam, S. B; Chogale, N. D; Shinde, K. M; Bhatkar, V. R; Shingare, P. E; Mohite, S. A; Naik, S. D; Metar, S. Y; Sadaverte, V. R; Bhosale, B. P; Rathod, N. B; Haldankar, P. M
    Food spreads have became a vital part of breakfast menu these days, which has led to their steady growth in the food market. The continuous use of artificial additives gradually results in long-term adverse health effects on consumers. Of late the demand for foods products without any artificial additives or preservatives has increased. Therefore, in the present study, a ready-to-eat fish meat spread was developed from a low-cost Croaker fish along with other natural ingredients and its quality changes during refrigerated storage were studied. The sensory analysis showed that the fish spread made from Croaker fish meat retained its quality upto 21 days when refrigerated, making it a liable alternative to currently available meat spreads
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    Thiamine and Pyridoxine loaded Vanillic acid Grafted Chitosan: A Functional Food ingredient to mitigate swimming induced Oxidative stress in Animal model
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Tejpal, C. S.; Elavarasan, K.; Lekshmi, R. G. K.; Chatterjee, N. S.; Anuj, K.; Anas, K. K.; Devi, H. M; Sanal, E.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.
    The study was conducted to evaluate the biofunctional properties of thiamine and pyridoxineloaded vanillic acid grafted-chitosan (TPVGC) to perform as an oxidative stress mitigating agent. The antioxidant properties of TPVGC assessed in terms of DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay indicated that the bioactivities are mainly dose dependent. Further, the metabolic enzyme associated beneficial properties of TPVGC were assessed in an animal model through swimming induced stress. Animals were randomly distributed into four experimental groups and fed with TPVGC at 0, 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4% in the diet for a period of 45 days. During the experimental period, the animals were exposed to swimming exercise for 50 min daily. Average swimming-time and antifatigue activity revealed that the animals fed with graded level of TPVGC enhanced stamina and swimming activity. Control group fed without TPVGC were lethargic after 30 min of swimming. Metabolic responses were assessed in terms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. LDH, MDH, catalase and SOD activities of treatment group showed significant (p<0.05) reduction compared to control. However, a reverse trend was observed for AChE activity. This was further supported by the results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which indicates the major variables contributed to variation in case of individual tissue samples. Based on the results, it is inferred that the supplementation of TPVGC has stress mitigation role along with enhanced stamina during the swimming exercise. It is hence surmised that TPVGC can function as a potential nutraceutical due to its proven functional properties notably faster stress recovery and stamina boost, which has prospective applications in human healthcare/livestock segments in the contemporary global scenario.
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    Economics and Resource use Efficiency of small scale Fish Production in Manipur
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2021) Singh, Kh. Rishikanta; Ch. Basudha, Ch. Basudha
    The present study was taken up in Manipur state of north east hill region to examine the economics and resource use efficiency in fish production. Three districts viz., Bishempur, Imphal West and Thoubal were selected for the study and two villages were selected from each district. From each villages 25 fish farmers were randomly selected, altogether there were 150 respondents. The farmers were classified into marginal, small and semi-medium category based on pond size. Cobb-Douglas production function and marginal value productivity were employed to examine the resource use efficiency. Per hectare cost of fish rearing were the highest for the marginal category and decrease with increase in pond size category. The overall average yield of fish was 1078 kg ha-1. Farmers in the marginal category obtained the highest yield with a production of 1611 kg ha-1. The yield decrease with the increase in pond size. Net return obtained from fish production were Rs.125311 ha-1 for marginal, Rs. 87010 ha-1 for small and Rs. 29471 ha-1 for semi medium category respectively. Fish production is profitable with a BC ratio of 1.60 but the productivity is very low and needs to be increased. It was found that fish seedling was underutilized for semi-medium category, feed was underutilized for marginal category and labour was underutilized for both small and semi-medium category farms. Floods, poor quality of pond water, incidence of pest and disease, high cost of feed and lack of skilled workers are five major problems faced by the fish farmers
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    Nanocellulose incorporated Polylactic Acid Films for chilled preservation of Indian Anchovy (Stolephorus indicus) (van Hasselt, 1823)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Thomas, Geethu; Kumar, K. Sathish; Panda, Satyan Kumar; Bindu, J.
    Polylactic acid (PLA) nanocellulose (NC) films were fabricated by compounding different levels (1%, 2% and 3%) of nanocellulose into the PLA matrix to improve the mechanical properties. The mixed PLA and NC of different percentage were extruded into tubular blown films using a co-rotating extruder. The films were analysed for different mechanical and physical properties. The addition of nanocellulose significantly improved the tensile strength and the heat sealing properties of the films. The water vapour transmission rate did not show much difference between the different levels of NC filler. The surface morphology of the obtained films was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compositional analysis was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and it revealed that nanocellulose interacted with PLA. Stolephorus indicus (anchovy) (van Hasselt, 1823) were packed in different PLA/NC films and kept in chilled condition for 20 days to evaluate the preservative effect. Biochemical parameters such as peroxide value, free fatty acid, trimethylamine, total volatile base nitrogen and microbial parameter such as total plate count were carried out during the storage period. The results proved that the fish samples packed in different PLA/nanocellulose films had better shelf life compared to neat PLA and LDPE films during the chilled storage.
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    Effects of Carboxymethyl Chitosan on the Biochemical and Microbial Quality of Dried Anchovy
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Viji, P.; Naveen, S.; Rao, B. Madhusudana; Debbarma, Jesmi; Binsi, P. K.
    Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) is one of the water soluble derivatives of chitosan that can be used as an edible coating for food products. However, its use in fish and fish products is not well established. So, in the present study, the effects of CMCH as an edible coating for preserving the quality of dried anchovy were evaluated. Anchovies were dipped in 0.5 and 1% (w/v) solutions of CMCH for 5 min, drained and dried under sun. Control samples were prepared by dipping in potable water and drying under sun. TVB-N and TMA-N of the treated samples were significantly (p<0.05) lower than control over 135 days storage period. At the end of 135 days, TVB-N and TMA-N levels were 121.95, 115.63 and 106.72 mg% and 47.13, 38.24 and 35.43 mg% for control, 0.5% CMCH treated and 1% CMCH treated samples, respectively. Microbial growth and fungal growth were lower in 1% CMCH treated sample. Aerobic plate count at the end of 135 days reached 4.89, 4.80 and 4.70 log10 cfu g-1 respectively, for control, 0.5% CMCH and 1% CMCH treated anchovies. Fungal count in control reached 1.93 log10 cfu g-1 whereas that of 1% CMCH treated anchovy was 1.50 log10 cfu g-1 at the end of 135th day. CMCH treatment has also controlled lipid oxidation during storage of dried anchovy as the TBARS of control was higher (2.91 mg MDA Kg- 1) than 0.5% CMCH (2.17 mg MDA Kg-1) and 1% CMCH treated (1.92 mg MDA Kg-1) anchovy on 135th day. In brief, the edible coating of CMCH has effectively controlled the spoilage changes in dried anchovy during storage.