2002

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Arylsulfatase Activity in the Gut Microflora of Fish and Shellfish of Veli Lake, Kerala
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Dhevendaran, K; Maya, K
Moraxella sp.. Vibrio sp. and Micrococcus sp. were isolated from representative cultures derived from Villorita cyprinoides, Therapon jarbua and Penaeus indicus caught from Veli lake in Kerala (India). pH optimum for Moraxella sp. was at 5.6 whereas it was 7 for Vibrio sp. and Micrococcus sp. Maximum growth of Moraxella sp. and Micrococcus sp. was at pH 5.6 and that of Vibrio sp., at pH 7.0. Optimum temperature for Micrococcus sp. was 29°C and for both Vibrio sp. and Moraxella sp., 370C. The elevated arylsulfatase activity in these strains was found to vary with the addition of amino acids, organic and inorganic salts. Of these, phosphate was the key factor determining the type of arylsulfatase and inhibited the enzyme activity at 0.05M concentration in Moraxella sp. and Vibrio sp. and at 0.2M concentration in Micrococcus sp. Optimum buffer molarity was 0.1M when nitrocatechol sulfate was used as the substrate. The growth and enzyme activity of gut microflora were inhibited under growing conditions by the addition of heavy metals. Observations suggest that gut flora decompose esters of sulfuric acid thereby assisting digestion and metabolism of host fish and shellfish.
Behaviour of mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) meat components during the washing process in the preparation of surimi
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), 2002) Sankar, T.V.; Ramachandran, A.
To elucidate the effect of washing, on flesh components, mrigal flesh was washed through one, two and three washing cycles. Washing resulted in absorption of water (1-3%) and loss of fat (49%). 35% loss of soluble protein (SP) was noticed in the first washing itself and the loss is almost equally shared by the sarcoplasmic (18% of SP) and the myofibrillar proteins (17% of SP). The subsequent washings removed small portions of water-soluble sarcoplasmic proteins resulting in the concentration of myofibrillar proteins. 73% of the soluble protein was retained in the flesh after three washing cycles. The protein had undergone marginal conformational changes as reflected by the decrease in the actomyosin Ca super(2+) ATPase activity The rheological properties of the washed flesh were, however, significantly better than that of the unwashed mince.
Development of Fish ham from Red meat of Tuna (Euthynnus affinis)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) S., Siddappaji; R.M., Prabhu
A method was developed for the preparation of "fish ham" from the red meat of tuna (Euthynnus affinis). Preparation of fish ham involves two steps. In the first step, meat of croaker (Jhonius sp.) and pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) was separated, mixed and' ground into a paste with required additives. In the second step, red meat of tuna was filleted, cut into cubes and its colour was fixed by curing in 0.01% sodium nitrite, 0.05% ascorbic acid, 0.01% sodium tripolyphosphate, 2% salt and 1.5% sugar mixture and stored in anaerobic condition at 20C for 48 h. Finally, fish paste and cured red meat cubes of tuna were mixed in the ratio of 60:40 and packed into krehalon casing, sealed and inserted into the metallic box type retainers and heat processed at 88-90°C for 105 min and cooled at 10oC for 20 min. Acceptability of fish ham was studied by chemical, microbiological and organoleptic tests. The product had excellent appearance, taste and texture. At ambient conditions the product had a shelf life of 6 days and at refrigerated condition 42 days.
Distribution and Abundance of Deep Sea Fishes Along the West Coast of India
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Venu, S; Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
Bathymetric and spatial distribution and abundance of the deep-sea finfish resources in the EEZ off west coast of India (200-750m) are discussed based on the results of three fishing cruises carried out from FORV Sagar Sampada during 1998-2000. Results indicate the existence of potentially rich unexploited deep sea finfish resources. The area between 7° and 9° N lat was found to be more productive with catch rates ranging from 660.5 -1185.6 kg.h1. Comparatively low catch rates were obtained between 10° and 11° N lat and 14° and 21° N lat with catch rates ranging from 18.0 to 41.3 kg.h1. Areas within 9o-10o N and 11°- 14° N lat contributed moderate catches with CPUE ranging from 75.79 to 229.17 kg.h1. Most productive depth ranges were found to be 201-300 and 301-400 m. Major species constituting the catches were Chlorophthalmus punctatus, Chlorophthalmus bicornis, Psenopsis cyanea, Neopinnula orientalis, Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Psenes squamiceps, Nettastoma parviceps and Priacanthus hamrur
Effect of Plant Proteins in Iso-caloric Feeds on Growth Performance of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium idae (Heller)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Haniffa, M.A; Sethuramalingam, T.A; Selvan, S. Arul; Raj, A. Jesu Arockia
Macrobrachium idae juveniles (0.9 - 1.3 g) were fed on eight formulated diets containing 32-42% crude protein to assess their growth performance. Prawns fed on groundnut oil cake meal (GOC) and soybean meal (SBM) showed the best growth rate (SGR) (0.46 and 0.43%.day"1, respectively), food conversion ratio (FCR) (2.16 and 2.53, respectively) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (0.84 and 0.78, respectively). Hydrilla verticellata (HV) and drumstick leaves (DRM) diets resulted in poor growth and decreased PER and SGR with elevated FCR. The efficiency of absorption and net conversion ranged between 84-90% and 3.81-7.8%, respectively. Increase in dietary protein content (3-8%) produced elevated growth rates and protein efficiency ratio. The dietary protein-energy ratio for maximum growth of prawns was 97.2 mg.kcal"1 with a digestible energy of 431 kcal.lOOg"1 of feed
Effect of Square Mesh Panels on Catches of Stationary Bag Net in Hooghly Estuary
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Kathavarayan, E; Dora, K.C; Mukherjee, C.K
Effect of incorporation of square mesh panels in stationary bag nets operated in Hooghly estuary (West Bengal) on fish landings was studied through comparative fishing experiments. The results showed that catches of juveniles of prawns and finfishes was significantly lower in the experimental gear with square mesh panels of 20 mm bar mesh size, compared to the control net. 50% retention lengths (L ) of Metapenaeus sp. and Macrobrachium mirabk, Macrobrachium lamerri and sciaenids were also higher in the experimental bag net compared to the control net. Results indicated that provision of square mesh panels in bag nets would help in the conservation and management of estuarine fishery resources
Effect of vacuum packaging on the shelf life of fried mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus) in flexible packaging material
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2002) Bindu, J.; Gopal, T.K.S.; Joseph, A.C.; Nair, T.S.U.; Joseph, K.G.
A method for preservation of fried mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus) at ambient temperature was developed. Live mussels from rocky structures of the North Kerala waters were collected, and the meat shucked from them was used for preparation of samples. The cleaned meat was deep-fried in refined vegetable oil at 170-180 degree C for 6 minutes in an electric fryer. Roasted condiments were added to fried mussel meat and was packed under vacuum and in air in flexible pouches made of 12 mu plain polyester laminated with 118 mu LD-HD co-extruded films. The samples packed under vacuum had a storage life of 9 months and those packed in air were acceptable for a period of 6 months.
Effectiveness of Fish Aggregating Devices in Freshwater Reservoir Fishery
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Madhavan, N; Neethiselvan, N
Two types of bottom set Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), one of pyramidal shape and another of semi-prismatic shape were constructed using used tyres having a total outer surface area of 60 m2 . They were tested for their aggregating efficiency in an artificial freshwater reservoir stocked with freshwater carps such as catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and silver carp (Hypopthalmicthys molitrix). The gill net catch around FADs and in non-FAD sites showed significant difference. Pyramidal FAD of 1.6 m height with tyres arranged in vertical orientation attracted more of surface feeders such as catla and silver carp compared to semi-prismatic FAD of 1.3 m height with tyres arranged in horizontal pattern. The gill net catch around pyramidal FAD was significantly higher than that of semiprismatic FAD. The use of pyramidal FAD to improve catch per unit effort of gill netting in perennial reservoirs of the country, is suggested
Frozen Storage Characteristics of Treated and Untreated Meat from Male and Female Mussel (Perm viridis)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Sawant, S.S; Patange, S.B
Changes in the quality of meat obtained from male and female Indian green mussel during frozen storage are reported. The usefulness of tripolyphosphate and blanching treatment in enhancing sensory quality and in retarding progression of rancidity in frozen mussels was investigated. Changes in moisture, total protein, glycogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, total volatile base nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, salt-soluble nitrogen, drip loss, peroxide value, total bacterial count and counts of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and faecal Streptococci in frozen meat were followed every fifteen days during storage at -18°C. The study showed that among the treated samples, male blanched mussel product could be frozenstored in very good condition for more than 105 days and from organoleptic point of view, it had the best shelf life. However, the quality of untreated meat was acceptable for 30 days only.
Growth of Cross Contaminating Bacterial Pathogens in Fish Muscle at Different Temperatures of Storage
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Beena, K.P. Nazeem; Jeena, K.G; Hatha, A.A. Mohamed
Growth of cross contaminant bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella typhimurium were examined in fish muscle maintained at 50C, 20oC and 350C to mimic the different conditions prevailing in the retail fish markets. While the cells hardly grew in fish muscle kept at 50C, there was 5 log and 4 log increase in number of cells of EPEC and S. typhimurium respectively at 350C. The growth of these cells at 20oC was more gradual and the increase in the number of cells was around 3 log. The results indicate potential danger posed by these contaminant bacterial pathogens to the consumers of temperature abused fish, which is a very common sight in the retail markets of India. Implementation of minimum standards for the fish markets, regular monitoring and enforcement are suggested to ensure food safety.
Impact of Dietary Protein on Growth, Feed utilization and Body composition of Puntius parrah
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Bindhu, R; Ramanujan, N; Sambhu, C
The juveniles of Puntius parrah were fed with fishmeal based protein diets at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight for a period of 120 days in cement cisterns. Protein diet at 50% produced superior growth, maximum food consumption, high conversiorf efficiency and better protein digestibility. Digestive enzyme activity and RNA/ DNA ratio were higher in 50% protein diet fed fish. The total dry matter and protein content of the body showed high values in the fish fed with 50% protein diet. 50% protein diet is found optimum for growth enhancement in Puntius parrah.
Indole as an Index of Spoilage of Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) during Storage at Ambient Temperature and in Ice
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2002) Omar, Nadia Mahmud
A study was conducted to find out any correlation between indole and the spoilage indices such as Tri Methyl Amine Nitrogen (TMAN), Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVBN) and Total Bacterial Count (TBC) during spoilage of mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) at ambient temperature and in ice. Mackerel had a shelf life of 6 and 9 h at ambient temperature based on the sensory evaluation of whole mackerel and cooked meat respectively. After 9 h of storage at ambient temperature TVBN, TMAN and indole were only 25.2 mg/100, 5.75 mg/ 100 and 0.3 |ig/100g respectively. The bacterial load was 5.55 log CFU/g. Mackerel had a shelf life of 6 and 9 days in ice based on the sensory evaluation of whole and cooked fish respectively. TVBN, TMAN and indole were only 14.35 mg/100, 0.67 mg/100 and 0.4 |ig/100g respectively. Total bacterial count was 6.36 log CFU/g. All the indices studied were low when the mackerel was rejected but this was specially true of indole which was detected in negligible amounts through out the storage period and also showed no trend through out. So indole was found to have no significance as an index of spoilage of mackerel kept at ambient temperature and in ice.
Influence of Nutripro-Aqua Incorporated Feed on Water Quality, Primary Pond Productivity and Growth in the Culture of Pearl Spot
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Jayaprakas, V; Abraham, Kurian Mathew
Supplementary feeding may influence the water quality parameters, especially the productivity. Productivity is one of the principal water quality parameters that determine fish production. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the relationship between productivity and growth in Etroplus suratensis fed diet containing Nutripro-Aqua, a commercial growth promoter. Fishes were cultured in cement tanks for 180 days and the growth and productivity were monitored periodically. Nutripro-Aqua was administered through a standard pelletized feed with 40% protein at four dosages, 0, 8, 9.5 and 11%. Productivity and growth of fishes were found to be significantly high in 11% treatment, which indicates the influence of the pond productivity on growth of fishes.
L-asparaginase Activity in Growing Conditions of Streptomyces spp. associated with Therapon jarbua and Villorita cyprinoids of Veli Lake, South India
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Dhevendaran, Kandasamy; Anithakumari, Y.K
Streptomyces spp. isolated from the gut of fish, Therapon jarbua and shellfish, Villorita cyprinoids exhibited L-asparaginase activity under growing conditions in a liquid broth. Streptomyces AQBTJ 60 (isolate from fish) showed maximum enzyme activity at pH 8.0 whereas Streptomyces AQB VC67 showed it at pH 7.0. They showed optimum enzyme activity and growth at temperature 370C. Carbon sources and amino acids had varying influence based on the constituents in the gut or viscera of the host organisms and heavy metals inhibited activity and growth. Similar trend was noticed with sodium chloride in the estuarine strains.
Lactic Acid Fermentation of Minced Meat of Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829) using Different Bacterial Sources*
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Neethiselvan, N; Jasmine, G. Indra; Jeyasekeran, G
Fermentation of minced meat of silverbelly Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829) using three different lactic acid bacterial sources viz. pure culture of Lactobacillus plantarum, fermented cabbage and curd revealed fermented cabbage as the ideal source of lactic acid bacteria for the preservation of fish meat through lactic acid fermentation. 48h fermented cabbage could bring down the pH of the minced meat mixture to 4.4 within 48 h of fermentation whereas the other two minced meat mixtures took nearly 84 h to reach the same pH. Fermented cabbage can also be easily prepared and maintained for fermenting fish meat on commercial scale. Free sugar, lactic acid content, NPN, TVBN and lactic acid bacterial count were found to be good indices of quality of the fermented product under storage
Modified Extensive Culture of Penaeus monodon Using Indigenous Feed
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Jose, Susheela; Nair, K.G. Ramachandran; Mathew, P.T.; Stephen, Jose; Madhavan, P
Short-term monoculture of Penaeus monodon was done using an indigenously developed feed to evaluate the efficiency of the feed with respect to growth, survival, production, food conversion ratio and cost benefit ratio. P. monodon post-larvae were stocked at the rate of 5 nos.m"2 (12 mm; 7 mg) during 1995 and 3 nos.m 2 (15 mm; 10 mg) during 1996. The feeding schedule and other management practices were identical in both the trials. The . shrimps were harvested at the end of 85 days and a production of 732.5 kg.ha"1 (average size: 150 mm; 20 g) was obtained in 1995 and 647.5 kg.ha"1 (average size: 160 mm; 26 g) in 1996.
Pattern of Pigment Migration in Second Cheliped of Macrohrachium rosenhergii with Morphotypic Transformation
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Ranjeet, K; Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
Changes in cell shape of chromatophores and subsequent pigment migration on the second cheliped of the three main male morphotypes of Macrohrachium rosenhergii are discussed. Cell enlargement as part of pigment accumulation in chromatophore was found to be maximum in Blue clawed males (1.5 \im), followed by Orange clawed males (1.1 m) and Small males (0.65 (im) in male morphotypes of M. rosenhergii. The concentration of pigments at localized sites facilitated by chromatophoric extension through microtubules gave characteristic orange and blue colour to the cheliped, which could directly or indirectly be modulated by the chromtophoric hormones (CH) or pigment dispersing hormones (PDH).
Phosphate fractions in sediments of aquaculture systems of Cochin
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2002) Ashraf, P.M.; Leela Edwin; Gopalakrishna Pillai, A.G.; Ravindran, K.
This study aims to present quantitative information on various phosphate fractions in the aquaculture farms located in and around Cochin. The results of the analysis of soil samples have shown that loosely bound P was negligible (0.0-0.02 ppm) in all the samples. Concentrations of other fractions viz., Al bound P, Fe bound P, Ca bound P, inorganic P and total P were in the range of 1-68 ppm, 16-159 ppm, 38-428 ppm, 339-633 ppm and 363-705 ppm, respectively. The P concentration in water samples ranged from 0 to 0.325 ppm.
Present status future exploitation strategies for tuna fishing in Indian EEZ
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2002) Vijayan, V.
Tuna and tuna like fishery resources are underexploited in coastal waters as well as in Indian EEZ. Fishing regulations in certain areas and inadequacy of suitable gear to be employed in a significant and dedicated manner are cited as reasons for the present situation. This communication traces the present status of the fishery, the gear employed at present, the fishing season, the future fishing effort and strategies for optimum exploitation of this valuable stock which at present is exploited to the level of only 1.7% of the available coastal resources, leaving the oceanic stock totally unexploited.
Prevalence of vibrio species on fish from pelagic and demersal habitats
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2002) Sudha, K.; Nirmala Thampuran; Surendran, P.K.
The density and diversity in the vibrio species on the body parts of some commercially important fishes of India were studied with respect to the habitat viz pelagic and demersal. The distribution of vibrios on fish from these habitats showed wide variations both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results indicate that the density of vibrios on the skin and gills may be more in pelagic fish compared to demersal types. However the intestinal count of vibrios is similar in the two categories. The species diversity was more in the demersal fishes particularly in the intestinal samples.The vibrio species were in the order of dominance as V. alginolyticus, V. orientalis, and V. campbelli. Species like V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. mimicus were among the pathogenic species isolated from the fish samples. The study reveals that vibrios constitute a major portion of the total bacterial flora in tropical fish.

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