2002

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    Arylsulfatase Activity in the Gut Microflora of Fish and Shellfish of Veli Lake, Kerala
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Dhevendaran, K; Maya, K
    Moraxella sp.. Vibrio sp. and Micrococcus sp. were isolated from representative cultures derived from Villorita cyprinoides, Therapon jarbua and Penaeus indicus caught from Veli lake in Kerala (India). pH optimum for Moraxella sp. was at 5.6 whereas it was 7 for Vibrio sp. and Micrococcus sp. Maximum growth of Moraxella sp. and Micrococcus sp. was at pH 5.6 and that of Vibrio sp., at pH 7.0. Optimum temperature for Micrococcus sp. was 29°C and for both Vibrio sp. and Moraxella sp., 370C. The elevated arylsulfatase activity in these strains was found to vary with the addition of amino acids, organic and inorganic salts. Of these, phosphate was the key factor determining the type of arylsulfatase and inhibited the enzyme activity at 0.05M concentration in Moraxella sp. and Vibrio sp. and at 0.2M concentration in Micrococcus sp. Optimum buffer molarity was 0.1M when nitrocatechol sulfate was used as the substrate. The growth and enzyme activity of gut microflora were inhibited under growing conditions by the addition of heavy metals. Observations suggest that gut flora decompose esters of sulfuric acid thereby assisting digestion and metabolism of host fish and shellfish.
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    Behaviour of mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) meat components during the washing process in the preparation of surimi
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), 2002) Sankar, T.V.; Ramachandran, A.
    To elucidate the effect of washing, on flesh components, mrigal flesh was washed through one, two and three washing cycles. Washing resulted in absorption of water (1-3%) and loss of fat (49%). 35% loss of soluble protein (SP) was noticed in the first washing itself and the loss is almost equally shared by the sarcoplasmic (18% of SP) and the myofibrillar proteins (17% of SP). The subsequent washings removed small portions of water-soluble sarcoplasmic proteins resulting in the concentration of myofibrillar proteins. 73% of the soluble protein was retained in the flesh after three washing cycles. The protein had undergone marginal conformational changes as reflected by the decrease in the actomyosin Ca super(2+) ATPase activity The rheological properties of the washed flesh were, however, significantly better than that of the unwashed mince.
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    Effect of Plant Proteins in Iso-caloric Feeds on Growth Performance of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium idae (Heller)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Haniffa, M.A; Sethuramalingam, T.A; Selvan, S. Arul; Raj, A. Jesu Arockia
    Macrobrachium idae juveniles (0.9 - 1.3 g) were fed on eight formulated diets containing 32-42% crude protein to assess their growth performance. Prawns fed on groundnut oil cake meal (GOC) and soybean meal (SBM) showed the best growth rate (SGR) (0.46 and 0.43%.day"1, respectively), food conversion ratio (FCR) (2.16 and 2.53, respectively) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (0.84 and 0.78, respectively). Hydrilla verticellata (HV) and drumstick leaves (DRM) diets resulted in poor growth and decreased PER and SGR with elevated FCR. The efficiency of absorption and net conversion ranged between 84-90% and 3.81-7.8%, respectively. Increase in dietary protein content (3-8%) produced elevated growth rates and protein efficiency ratio. The dietary protein-energy ratio for maximum growth of prawns was 97.2 mg.kcal"1 with a digestible energy of 431 kcal.lOOg"1 of feed
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    Effect of Square Mesh Panels on Catches of Stationary Bag Net in Hooghly Estuary
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Kathavarayan, E; Dora, K.C; Mukherjee, C.K
    Effect of incorporation of square mesh panels in stationary bag nets operated in Hooghly estuary (West Bengal) on fish landings was studied through comparative fishing experiments. The results showed that catches of juveniles of prawns and finfishes was significantly lower in the experimental gear with square mesh panels of 20 mm bar mesh size, compared to the control net. 50% retention lengths (L ) of Metapenaeus sp. and Macrobrachium mirabk, Macrobrachium lamerri and sciaenids were also higher in the experimental bag net compared to the control net. Results indicated that provision of square mesh panels in bag nets would help in the conservation and management of estuarine fishery resources
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    Effect of vacuum packaging on the shelf life of fried mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus) in flexible packaging material
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2002) Bindu, J.; Gopal, T.K.S.; Joseph, A.C.; Nair, T.S.U.; Joseph, K.G.
    A method for preservation of fried mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus) at ambient temperature was developed. Live mussels from rocky structures of the North Kerala waters were collected, and the meat shucked from them was used for preparation of samples. The cleaned meat was deep-fried in refined vegetable oil at 170-180 degree C for 6 minutes in an electric fryer. Roasted condiments were added to fried mussel meat and was packed under vacuum and in air in flexible pouches made of 12 mu plain polyester laminated with 118 mu LD-HD co-extruded films. The samples packed under vacuum had a storage life of 9 months and those packed in air were acceptable for a period of 6 months.
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    Effectiveness of Fish Aggregating Devices in Freshwater Reservoir Fishery
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Madhavan, N; Neethiselvan, N
    Two types of bottom set Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), one of pyramidal shape and another of semi-prismatic shape were constructed using used tyres having a total outer surface area of 60 m2 . They were tested for their aggregating efficiency in an artificial freshwater reservoir stocked with freshwater carps such as catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and silver carp (Hypopthalmicthys molitrix). The gill net catch around FADs and in non-FAD sites showed significant difference. Pyramidal FAD of 1.6 m height with tyres arranged in vertical orientation attracted more of surface feeders such as catla and silver carp compared to semi-prismatic FAD of 1.3 m height with tyres arranged in horizontal pattern. The gill net catch around pyramidal FAD was significantly higher than that of semiprismatic FAD. The use of pyramidal FAD to improve catch per unit effort of gill netting in perennial reservoirs of the country, is suggested
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    Growth of Cross Contaminating Bacterial Pathogens in Fish Muscle at Different Temperatures of Storage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Beena, K.P. Nazeem; Jeena, K.G; Hatha, A.A. Mohamed
    Growth of cross contaminant bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella typhimurium were examined in fish muscle maintained at 50C, 20oC and 350C to mimic the different conditions prevailing in the retail fish markets. While the cells hardly grew in fish muscle kept at 50C, there was 5 log and 4 log increase in number of cells of EPEC and S. typhimurium respectively at 350C. The growth of these cells at 20oC was more gradual and the increase in the number of cells was around 3 log. The results indicate potential danger posed by these contaminant bacterial pathogens to the consumers of temperature abused fish, which is a very common sight in the retail markets of India. Implementation of minimum standards for the fish markets, regular monitoring and enforcement are suggested to ensure food safety.
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    Impact of Dietary Protein on Growth, Feed utilization and Body composition of Puntius parrah
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Bindhu, R; Ramanujan, N; Sambhu, C
    The juveniles of Puntius parrah were fed with fishmeal based protein diets at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight for a period of 120 days in cement cisterns. Protein diet at 50% produced superior growth, maximum food consumption, high conversiorf efficiency and better protein digestibility. Digestive enzyme activity and RNA/ DNA ratio were higher in 50% protein diet fed fish. The total dry matter and protein content of the body showed high values in the fish fed with 50% protein diet. 50% protein diet is found optimum for growth enhancement in Puntius parrah.
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    L-asparaginase Activity in Growing Conditions of Streptomyces spp. associated with Therapon jarbua and Villorita cyprinoids of Veli Lake, South India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Dhevendaran, Kandasamy; Anithakumari, Y.K
    Streptomyces spp. isolated from the gut of fish, Therapon jarbua and shellfish, Villorita cyprinoids exhibited L-asparaginase activity under growing conditions in a liquid broth. Streptomyces AQBTJ 60 (isolate from fish) showed maximum enzyme activity at pH 8.0 whereas Streptomyces AQB VC67 showed it at pH 7.0. They showed optimum enzyme activity and growth at temperature 370C. Carbon sources and amino acids had varying influence based on the constituents in the gut or viscera of the host organisms and heavy metals inhibited activity and growth. Similar trend was noticed with sodium chloride in the estuarine strains.
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    Modified Extensive Culture of Penaeus monodon Using Indigenous Feed
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Jose, Susheela; Nair, K.G. Ramachandran; Mathew, P.T.; Stephen, Jose; Madhavan, P
    Short-term monoculture of Penaeus monodon was done using an indigenously developed feed to evaluate the efficiency of the feed with respect to growth, survival, production, food conversion ratio and cost benefit ratio. P. monodon post-larvae were stocked at the rate of 5 nos.m"2 (12 mm; 7 mg) during 1995 and 3 nos.m 2 (15 mm; 10 mg) during 1996. The feeding schedule and other management practices were identical in both the trials. The . shrimps were harvested at the end of 85 days and a production of 732.5 kg.ha"1 (average size: 150 mm; 20 g) was obtained in 1995 and 647.5 kg.ha"1 (average size: 160 mm; 26 g) in 1996.
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    Pattern of Pigment Migration in Second Cheliped of Macrohrachium rosenhergii with Morphotypic Transformation
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Ranjeet, K; Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
    Changes in cell shape of chromatophores and subsequent pigment migration on the second cheliped of the three main male morphotypes of Macrohrachium rosenhergii are discussed. Cell enlargement as part of pigment accumulation in chromatophore was found to be maximum in Blue clawed males (1.5 \im), followed by Orange clawed males (1.1 m) and Small males (0.65 (im) in male morphotypes of M. rosenhergii. The concentration of pigments at localized sites facilitated by chromatophoric extension through microtubules gave characteristic orange and blue colour to the cheliped, which could directly or indirectly be modulated by the chromtophoric hormones (CH) or pigment dispersing hormones (PDH).
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    Present status future exploitation strategies for tuna fishing in Indian EEZ
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2002) Vijayan, V.
    Tuna and tuna like fishery resources are underexploited in coastal waters as well as in Indian EEZ. Fishing regulations in certain areas and inadequacy of suitable gear to be employed in a significant and dedicated manner are cited as reasons for the present situation. This communication traces the present status of the fishery, the gear employed at present, the fishing season, the future fishing effort and strategies for optimum exploitation of this valuable stock which at present is exploited to the level of only 1.7% of the available coastal resources, leaving the oceanic stock totally unexploited.
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    Prevalence of vibrio species on fish from pelagic and demersal habitats
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2002) Sudha, K.; Nirmala Thampuran; Surendran, P.K.
    The density and diversity in the vibrio species on the body parts of some commercially important fishes of India were studied with respect to the habitat viz pelagic and demersal. The distribution of vibrios on fish from these habitats showed wide variations both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results indicate that the density of vibrios on the skin and gills may be more in pelagic fish compared to demersal types. However the intestinal count of vibrios is similar in the two categories. The species diversity was more in the demersal fishes particularly in the intestinal samples.The vibrio species were in the order of dominance as V. alginolyticus, V. orientalis, and V. campbelli. Species like V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. mimicus were among the pathogenic species isolated from the fish samples. The study reveals that vibrios constitute a major portion of the total bacterial flora in tropical fish.
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    Primary Productivity of the Brackishwater Impoundments along Nethravathi estuary, Mangalore in Relation to Some Physico-chemical Parameters
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Rajesh, K.M; Gowda, G; Mendon, Mridula R
    Primary productivity of brackishwater impoundments along Nethravathi estuary was studied for one year from Feb. 1998 to Jan. 1999. The primary productivity values varied from 1.78 to 13.47 mgC/m3/h and it exhibited a bimodal pattern of distribution with primary peak in May followed by a secondary peak in September. Lower values were recorded during monsoon season (June-Aug). Chlorophyll-a values observed to range from 2.83 to 9.71 mg/ m3 with higher values recorded during monsoon season and lower values in the month of Dec/Jan. The seasonal trend of phaeopigment exhibited trimodal peak during March, November and July
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    Relationship between Development of Secondary Sex Characters and Androgenic Gland in Macrobrachium idella (Hilgendorf)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Cubelio, Sherine S.; Thampy, D.M
    The secondary sex characters such as length of cheliped, length of appendix masculina and number of spines on it, and the width of vas deferens are under the control of the androgenic gland and have no relationship with the body size of the prawn, Macrobrachium idelk. Of the 30 individuals randomly selected, 22 had a body length to cheliped length ratio below 1:1.5. The size of the androgenic gland and appendix masculina were not fully developed in them, indicating that they are reproductively inactive. Remaining 8 individuals, having a body length to cheliped length ratio above 1:1.5, had well-developed androgenic gland and appendix masculina showing that there is positive correlation between the biomass of androgenic gland and the degree of development of secondary sex characters.
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    Standardization of Mesh Size of Gill Nets for the Commercial Exploitation of Kawakawa, Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) in Thoothukkudi Coastal Waters, Southeast coast of India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2002) Jude, D; Neethiselvan, N; Gopalakrishnan, P; Sugumar, G
    Euthynnus affinis forms notable fishery in Thoothukkudi coastal waters with peak season from June to September. Euthynnus affinis is captured in small meshed gillnets popularly called 'PODIVALAI' with mesh size ranging from 60 mm to 115 mm. The present study deals with the standardization of mesh size to capture the commercially significant length group (476-600 mm) of E. affinis and its enmeshing pattern in gillnets with three different mesh sizes. The optimum mesh size for the commercial exploitation of £. affinis in Thoothukkudy coastal waters is found to be 104.2 mm. Further, the study recommends to discourage the use of gill net with 50 mm mesh size for the capture of E. affinis as this net captures the juveniles of £. affinis.
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    Storage characteristics and histamine content of fish stored at tropical ambient temperature
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2002) Chakrabarti, R.
    During the storage in laboratory, yellow tail scad (Atule mate), seer (Scomberotnorus guttatus), mullet (Mugil cephalus), horse mackerel (Megalaspis cordyla), bull's eye (Priacanthus hamrur), sardine (Sardinella dobsi), long billed half beak (Hemiramphus marginatus), rainbow sardine (Dussumieria acuta) and scad (Scomberoides tol) were found to be organoleptically acceptable up to 4-6 h in winter (20-30oC). However, yellow tail scad, seer, mullet, bull' s eye, black pomfrets (Parastromateus niger) and silver bellies (Leiognathus dussumieri) stored in summer (26-33oC) were acceptable up to 4 h only. In summer, the histamine level in all acceptable fish was below 15.0mg.100g"1 muscle which is below maximum admissible limit of 20.0mg.100g"1 muscle. The histamine values in winter days in fish was below 11.0mg.100g"1 muscle, except for long billed half beak. Histamine formation in seer, bull's eye, scad and long billed half beak was more rapid compared to other species under study. Peroxide value in fresh fish such as yellow tail scad, mullet, horse mackerel, scad and silver bellies was nil. An increasing trend in both peroxide value and total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) was noticed in all samples stored at ambient temperature. TVBN values in organoleptically acceptable fish were between 7.2 and 20.6 mg%.
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    Studies on the gill nets of Andhra Pradesh
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2002) Ramarao, S.V.S.; Rajeswari, G.; Prakash, R.R.
    Artisanal fishing still plays an important role, in spite of domination by trawlers in small-scale fisheries sector. Gill net fishing is one of the popular fishing methods along the east coast of India. However, there are regional variations in their construction and operation. This paper deals with design details of gill nets operated from Srikakulam district to Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Polyamide monofilament netting of 0.16 mm to 0.32 mm diameter twine were generally used for construction of gill nets throughout the coast. Polyamide multifilament netting of 210D/1/3 to 210D/6/3 of 20-40 mm mesh size were used for capture of smaller sized fish. Polyamide multifilament netting used in construction of large mesh gill nets targeted at large pelagic fishes, are being replaced by high density polyethylene netting.
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    Tissue proteinase activity in Indian mackeral(Rastrelliger kanagurta) during iced storage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2002) Jose, L.; Raghunath, M.R.
    Tissue proteinase activity (TPA) during iced storage of mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and its effect on tissue proteins were followed by assay of proteinase activity and SDS-PAGE of tissue homogenates, respectively. TPA in mackerel is predominantly expressed at pH 3, 4, 9 and 10. The activities at pH 3 and 4 were initially higher than that at alkaline pH. TPA at the acid pH range were observed to decrease during iced storage and were always at lower than original levels, although there was a transient increase at 4-6 days of iced storage. TPA in the alkaline pH range (9 and 10) remained mostly unaffected till 6-8 days of iced storage after which, a slight decrease was observed. However, at both pH ranges, the activity increased sharply after 11 days, owing to diffusion of visceral/microbial proteinases from the belly cavity due to spoilage. Electropherogram of the muscle homogenates revealed early breakdown of high molecular weight proteins followed by lower molecular weight proteins