2014

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    Adoption of Improved Aquaculture Technologies in Tripura, India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Das, Apu; Kumar, Nalini Ranjan; Krishnan, M.; Yadav, Vinod Kumar; Immanuel, Sheela
    The study was undertaken in the state of Tripura to identify the constraints in adoption of improved fish culture practices under aqua-model village scheme implemented by Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Tripura during 2004-05 to 2010-11. By using multistage stratified random sampling, data were collected from 80 farmers each from the adopted and non-adopted villages respectively. It was found that the extent of adoption of improved practices in aquaculture farms of adopted villages was significantly more than that of non-adopted villages. Correlation and regression analysis between socioeconomic parameters and adoption indices revealed that education and training played an important role in adoption of improved aquaculture technologies. Using Rank Based Quotient (RBQ), constraints faced in adopting the improved aquaculture technologies were also documented.
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    Aquaculture Knowledge Dissemination through Information and Communication Technology Projects: e-Learning Module Approach
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Mahalakshmi, P.; Ponniah, A. G.; Krishnan, M.
    e-Learning techniques are useful for delivering agriculture and aquaculture related knowledge and information to farmers directly and indirectly through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects like e-Choupal, iKisan and Information Village Research Project of M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF). Identifying information needs of users of ICT projects in coastal areas and aqua farmers at regular intervals followed by disseminating appropriate information in the required electronic format could be a viable strategy for the improvement of knowledge and skills. Information needs assessment of users of Village Resource Centre and Village Knowledge Centres of Pudhucherry and Ramanathapuram, which are the information centers in coastal areas of Tamilnadu, India, initiated by Information Village Research Project of MSSRF was conducted. Based on the overall assessment, the asynchronous e-Learning modules on ‘Handbook of fisheries institutions’ in English, ‘Mud crab fattening (Scylla tranquebarica)’ in Tamil and ‘Soil and water management in brackishwater shrimp aquaculture’ in English were developed.
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    Assessment of Bacterial Contamination and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns among Escherichia coli in Finfishes of Kolkata, India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Ezung, Rulanthung; Abraham, T. Jawahar
    Bacterial contamination and safety of finfishes of commercial importance and the frequency of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in fishes of Kolkata retail markets were evaluated. Finfishes available in the retail markets recorded high levels of total viable counts (4.30-7.93 log cfu g-1), coliforms (1.60-4.38 log MPN g-1), faecal coliforms (£4.38 log MPN g-1) and E. coli (£4.04 log MPN g-1). Majority of the E. coli was resistant to oxytetracycline (73%) and exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance (52%). Mutation frequencies to oxytetracycline were higher (1.3x10-9– 7.3x10-4) compared to chloramphenicol (4.6x10-8– 6.8x10-8). Seven serotypes were recorded, of which O-type 95 was the most common. Shiga-like toxinproducing E. coli serotypes such as O2, O22 and O114 were recorded. The results revealed that most of the commercially important fishes did not meet the national and international quality standards and were contaminated with antibiotic resistant and shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli, which represent a health risk to the consumers.
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    Characterization of a Bioactive Protein with Antimicrobial Property from Loligo sp.
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Cikesh, P.C; Karthikeyan, P; Bindiya, E.S; Subin, S. Raghul; Tina, K. J.; Chandrasekaran, M; Bhat, Sarita G.
    Loligo is a genus of squids. Due to their abundance and economic importance in the export market, squids have been studied for their biology and fishery characteristics. The aim of the current study was to investigate anti-microbial activity associated with proteins extracted from this organism. Whole body tissue was homogenized with protein extraction buffer and its antimicrobial activity was screened against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae by agar well diffusion method. The protein was concentrated by acetone precipitation. Purification was done in different steps employing cut off membrane filtration, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration column. The molecular weight of the protein was determined by SDS-PAGE. A 45 kDa protein was isolated and purified from Loligo with a total yield of 0.06% which showed bioactivity against V. cholerae. MALDI and MASCOT analysis showed that the 45 kDa protein had a similarity score of 40 with parvalbumin protein of Fundulus similis.
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    Comparison of collagen extracted from skin of double spotted queenfish and Malabar grouper
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, India, 2014) Hema, G.S.; Shyni, K.; Mathew, S.; Ninan, G.; Joshy, C.G.
    Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin digestible collagen (PDC) from the skin of double-spotted queenfish (Scomberoides lysan) and Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), were isolated and characterized. On wet weight basis, the yields of ASC and PDC from queen fish and grouper were 7.82, 3.92, 12.5 and 6.49% respectively. Amino acid analysis revealed that they contained glycine as a major amino acid with high contents of alanine, proline and hydroxyproline. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns and subunit compositions, all were identified to be type 1 collagens when compared with calf skin type 1 collagen. a1, a2 and b chains were the major components of the presently isolated collagens. While comparing these two species, queen fish skin had good yield of collagen which could be served as an alternative source of collagen for different applications.
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    Composition, textural quality and gel strength of surimi prepared from striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Souvage, 1878)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, India, 2014) Tanuja, S.; Viji, P.; Zynudheen, A.A.; Ninan, G.; Joshy, C.G.
    Surimi was prepared from the meat of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus using single wash and double wash method and the composition, gel strength and textural properties were compared. Crude protein and fat content of double wash surimi was significantly low (p<0.05). Both single wash and double wash surimi gels exhibited high expressible drip and low water holding capacity with double wash surimi gel showing significantly higher values (p<0.05). The gel strength, and textural parameter like hardness, and stiffness were significantly (p<0.05) higher for single wash surimi. The additional washing resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.05) in total pigment content of the surimi.
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    Decision Making Behaviour of Fisherwomen of Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka - An Empirical Analysis
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Mahesh, V; Lekshmi, P. S. Swathi; Benakappa, S; Naik, A. S. Kumar; Kumar, Jitendra; Reddy, S. Vijay Kumar
    Among the different sectors of the Indian economy where women contribute significantly, fisheries sector occupies a prime place. Out of the total fisherfolk population of Karnataka, comprising 1 67 429, around 23 000 fisherwomen are actively involved in fisheries related activities such as marketing of fish, net making/repairing, curing/ processing, peeling, labour and other miscellaneous activities. Though, studies have captured the pivotal role played by fisherwomen in income generation for their families, the decision making behavior, a key parameter of their empowerment status, remains an unexplored area. The present study deals with the areas of decision making in which fisherwomen are involved and the influence of socio-economic status on their decision making behavior. The study was undertaken in three selected villages in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka using multi stage random sampling method. From the findings, it was observed that, 84.16% of female fresh fish vendors had medium level of decision making behaviour. Fisherwomen were observed to be the sole and independent decision makers with respect to all aspects of fish marketing such as source of fish purchase, rate and quantity to be purchased, transportation, quantity of ice to be used, selling price, time of fish sales, purchasing and hiring of equipment and getting and repaying credits. Results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that, among the profile characteristics studied, the variable namely self-confidence showed a high and positive significant contribution
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    Development of Functional Pasta Enriched with Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Anbudhasan, P
    Omega 3 fatty acid-enriched functional pasta products were developed using refined wheat flour, water, salt, fish meat and fish oil using a single screw extruder. Among the different blends studied, the most acceptable pasta was made with combination of maida (800 g), water (240 ml), fish oil (1%), fish meat (200 g). This product had a protein content of 4.84% which is higher than the regular pasta available in the market. Fatty acid profile study showed that the developed pasta had a omega-3 fatty acid levels of 974 mg. Storage study revealed that peroxide value and free fatty value are within the acceptable limit for a period of 8 weeks. Therefore the result of the present study indicate that fish meat and fish oil can be utilized for the development of well accepted functional pasta products rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids.
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    Effect of Binders on the Quality of Restructured Products from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Surimi
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Tripathi, Hemant Hari; Majumdar, R. K.; Deepayan Roy, Deepayan
    The present study deals with the use of wheat flour and soya flour as additives in thermal gelification of surimi from silver carp muscle to obtain quality restructured products. Biochemical and mechanical properties of restructured products and changes during storage at -20oC were measured. Water holding capacity of the gel increased significantly when wheat flour and soya flour were added as binders. As regards mechanical properties, the gel strength, hardness and cohesiveness of gel with wheat flour showed intermediate value between control and gel with soya flour. But the springiness of wheat flour-added gel was superior. After 120 days of storage at -20oC, the wheat flour-added gel maintained superior quality amongst others. The study revealed that quality restructured products could be made with thermally set silver carp surimi with or without adding any binder, but wheat flourincorporated gel maintained superior quality up to a storage period of 120 days.
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    Effect of Lunar Cycle and Monsoon on Abundance of Pelagic Sharks around Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Sajeevan, M. K.; . Sanadi, Rajashree B
    High demand and lucrative value of shark products like shark fin has resulted in an increase in the number of sharks caught worldwide. Pelagic sharks form a major bycatch of tuna longline fishery. The present study attempts to understand the abundance of pelagic sharks in time and space scale around the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The exploratory tuna longline survey data are fitted using the generalised linear model. The results indicate a significant effect of lunar cycle as well as monsoon on the catch rate of pelagic sharks. The highest catch rates were recorded during new moon period.
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    Effect of Marigold Oleoresin on Growth, Survival and Pigmentation in Orange Chromide, Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Jagadeesh, T.D; Murthy, H. Shivananda; Swain, S. Himanshu; Chethan, N; . Manjunatha, A.R; Baglodi, Varuna
    The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of marigold oleoresin on growth, survival and total carotenoid content in muscle tissue of Etroplus maculatus. Fish with size group ranging from 0.60 g to 0.62 g were used for the study. The study was carried out in triplicate groups for a period of 45 days. Fishes were stocked at the rate of 15 per tank. Three test diets namely T1, T2 and T3 with 30% protein level were formulated. Diet T1 had 60 ppm, T2 had 120 ppm and T3 had 180 ppm marigold oleoresin, and diet without marigold oleoresin supplementation served as control (T0). There was no significant effect in survival rate and feed conversion ratio of the fish (p>0.05). However, 60 ppm marigold oleoresin fed fishes showed increased weight of 1.04±0.08 g, lower feed conversion ratio of 1.53±0.05 and higher survival rate (82.14%) than the other treatment groups. The fishes fed with 60 ppm marigold oleoresin incorporated diet showed significantly higher specific growth rate of 1.36±0.21%, relative growth rate of 69.10±3.4% and the absolute growth rate of 0.42±0.02 g. The body colouration and total carotenoid concentration of muscle tissue (4.62±0.02 μg g-1) was significantly higher in fish fed with 60 ppm marigold oleoresin diet. Among the tested doses, 60 ppm marigold oleoresin showed better results than 120 ppm and 180 ppm marigold oleoresin inclusion in the fish diet.
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    Estimation of optimum engine power of fishing craft with reference to length
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2014) Baiju, M.V.; Boopendranath, M.R.
    Marine fish production in India has increased from 0.5 million t in 1950 to 3.07 million t in 2010 (CMFRI, 2011). Development of industrial fisheries sector was characterized by the mechanisation of propulsion, gear and catch handling along with introduction of synthetic gear materials; developments in acoustic fish detection and satellite based remote sensing techniques; and advances in electronic navigation and position fixing equipment.
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    Extraction and quality evaluation of yellowfin tuna bone powder
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2014) Murthy, L.M.; Rao, B.M.; Asha, K.K.; Prasad, M.M.
    Commercial processing of tuna either as canned tuna or tuna loins generates considerable quantities of waste and a sizeable quantity of this waste constitutes bones. Yellowfin tuna bone was prepared by three methods viz., by using 0.5% KOH, 1% KOH and 0.5% NaOH and the proximate analysis, elemental composition and fatty acid composition were evaluated in comparison to control prepared without the addition of alkali. The powder was found rich in calcium (19 400 to 26 300 mg 100 g-1) and phosphorus (7797 to 8291 mg 100 g-1) with calciumphosphorus ratio ranging between 2.5 and 3.3:1. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was distinctly higher in tuna bone powder prepared after boiling in 0.5% KOH. Palmitic acid, oleic acid and DHA were the common saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid respectively. Heavy metals like Cd and Hg were not detected in the developed bone powder.
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    Fishers’ Knowledge on Marine Fisheries Management and Conservation
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Shankar, S. Sabari; Anand, G. Ajay; Immanuel, Sheela; Vennila, A.
    Marine fishers play an important role in the management of marine resources. Hence, there is a need to analyse the fishers’ knowledge level in relation to marine fisheries resource management and conservation. The present study was undertaken in selected fishing villages of Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. The ‘Teacher made test’ was constructed and used for the assessment of fishers’ knowledge. More than 60% of the respondents had medium level of knowledge on marine fisheries management and conservation, marine policies and regulatory measures and mariculture practices. Fishers’ knowledge on marine parks and sanctuaries, community based approach, oil spillage, installation of artificial reefs, mesh size for catching shrimps and catching of brood fishes was found to be low. Fishers had medium level of knowledge on issues like over exploitation, mangrove destruction, marine pollution, and mesh size regulations, mechanisation of boats, indiscriminate fishing methods and fishing with nets of reduced mesh size. These areas need to be taken into account for enhancing the fishers’ knowledge level for increasing
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    Gender Roles and Livelihood Analysis of Women in Dry Fish Processing: A Study in Coastal Odisha
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Singh, Abha; Sahoo, P. K.; Srinath, Krishna; Kumar, Anil; Tanuja, S.
    This study was undertaken to document the socioeconomic and livelihood profile, gender roles in fish curing, trade and marketing and perceived needs of women in dry fish processing in coastal Odisha. Majority of the respondents were middle-aged and had more than 10 years of experience in dry fish production and handling, with high social participation through self help groups (SHGs) and moderate decision making power in family and their trade. Majority of them (72.41%) were illiterates. Annually, they spend about 225-250 days in dry fish production process of low to medium valued fishes. Dry fish production was the primary occupation and secondary occupations include wage earnings in shrimp exporting units, ice production units, net mending, poultry, prawn peeling, farming, etc. Non-availability of good quality raw materials, lack of alternative drying methods during rainy season, lack of proper infrastructural facilities for drying, contamination with sand, microbes, attack of insects, birds and animals, non-availability of proper storage facilities, inadequate institutional credit facilities, exploitation by middlemen and inadequate transportation facilities were the major constraints perceived by the respondents. Most of them were not aware of the improved practices including packaging and quality assessment.
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    Growth and Survival of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) in Monosex and Mixed-sex Cultures
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Bajaniya, Viral Chhaganlal; Nair, C. Mohanakumaran; Salin, K.R; Tank, Ketan Vallabhdas
    Sexual dimorphism is apparent in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) with females achieving larger size than males. An experiment was conducted to compare rearing of all female and all male P. monodon with a mixed-sex population using juveniles segregated by hand-sexing. External sex differentiation of postlarvae started after 55 – 60 days of rearing when they reached 2.5 g and 7.0 cm size. Healthy juveniles (4.46 ± 0.54 g; 8.55 ± 0.30 cm for males and 4.35 ± 0.38 g; 8.54 ± 0.20 cm for females) were stocked in 250 l circular cement tanks with water of salinity 18 ± 2 g l-1 at a density of 8 individuals per tank (equivalent to a density of 12.5 m-2). The treatments were all male, all female, and mixed-sex juveniles at a ratio of 1:1, with five replicates in each one. The animals were fed with a commercial shrimp starter feed for 50 days. All female shrimps attained significantly higher growth of 40% and 43% compared to all male and mixedsex treatments, respectively, with greater specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio, and lower feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). Survival rates were not significantly different among treatments. The male growth in the all male and mixed sex treatments was similar, while the female growth was significantly higher in the all female treatment compared to that in the mixed sex treatment. Results of this study demonstrate the benefit of all female culture of P. monodon over the conventional mixedsex culture although more trials are recommended to establish its commercial attributes.
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    Growth Performance and Economic Analysis of Indian Major Carps and Tilapia in Rainwater Ponds
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Pandey, Pramod K.; Sethi, Laxmi N.; Pholane, Limbraj P.; Panda, Sudhindra N.; Pandey, Vinay K.; Biswas, Sagor; Soupir, Michelle
    Enhancing water resources is crucially important for improving food production in rainfed regions. The income of rural people in these regions is mainly tied with water availability. One option is disseminating rainwater harvesting for conserving rainwater and utilizing it for food production. Here we propose a rainwater harvesting method, which helps to conserve rainwater in the rainy season, provide water storage for rearing fish and facilitate supplemental irrigation to crops in the dry season. To verify the suitability of rainwater harvesting approach for improving food production and rural income, here we conducted a field study, which involved designing rainwater harvesting ponds (lined and unlined), storing rainwater and water recycling for irrigating crops. The growth of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, and tilapia in lined and unlined rainwater harvesting ponds was assessed and the resulting benefits were calculated under various scenarios. Water quality measurements showed the suitability of water stored in both rainwater harvesting ponds for fish culture. The Specific Growth Rates (SGR) of all the species in the lined ponds were greater than the unlined ponds except SGR of C. mrigala. Results show that the fish culture in the ponds improved the annual net benefit of rainwater harvesting systems. For
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    Growth Performance and Haematological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings Fed with Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) Seed Meal
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Solomon, S. G.; Okomoda, V. T.; Ochume, J.
    The effect of varied levels of inclusion of Garcinia kola seed meal in diets on growth performance and haematological parameters was investigated in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Fish were fed diet supplemented at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g kg-1 inclusion levels of Garcinia kola seed meal for eight weeks. Fish feed supplemented with Garcinia kola meal showed significantly improved growth performance and feed utilization over the control (0 kg-1 Garcinia kola seed meal) treatment. The highest specific growth rate (1.34±0.02% day-1) and best feed conversion ratio (16.28±0.05) were obtained in 100 g kg-1inclusion level of Garcinia kola seed. Protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion efficiency were also higher in fish fed with Garcinia kola seed meal and lowest in the control. Generally growth decreased beyond 100 g kg-1 level of inclusion. Protein and lipid content increased (p<0.05) in fish supplemented with seed meal. Also there was an improvement in blood parameters (WBC, HGB, RBC, and PCV) in fish fed with Garcinia seed meal compared to the control. The result suggests that dietary supplementation with Garcinia kola seed meal improved growth rate and feed utilization was the best at 100 g kg-1 for Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.
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    Impact of Aqua Societies on Shrimp Farming in Andhra Pradesh, India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Koteswari, N.; Immanuel, Sheela; Cyril, A. R. Leo; Viswanatha, B. S.
    This paper examines the impact of aqua societies on shrimp farmers in Andhra Pradesh, India. The study utilized primary data obtained from 180 shrimp farmers residing in six districts and examined the impact of aqua societies on shrimp farmers. The impact of aqua societies was analysed in terms of enhanced yield, reduced disease occurrences, increased income, employment, education, standard of living and reduced health risks. Analysis showed significant differences in the impact of aqua societies on shrimp farmers after formation of aqua societies in six districts. Lack of good quality seed, marketability and cold storage facilities were some of the constraints faced by the farmers. This paper highlights the need for broad stakeholder involvement and for providing the right incentives to producers such as reduced costs, improved production, access to information and diagnostic services and higher market price for BMP (Best Management Practices) products. This aqua society model is good to overcome the risk factors in shrimp farming and the model could be made sustainable with gover
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    Impact of Compliance with Food Safety Measures in Fish Processing Units
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2014) Gupta, Shiwangi; Kumar, Nalini Ranjan; Krishnan, M; Immanuel, Sheela
    Increasing consumer demand for greater food safety, particularly in developed countries has triggered the need for an integrated approach for ensuring food safety in the entire food production chain viz., from farm to fork. This study estimates the cost of compliance with food safety measures in fish processing plants. The study is based on primary data collected from 14 fish processors cum exporters in West Bengal in the year 2011. West Bengal is one of the largest seafood exporters and contributes about 9% to the total seafood export from India. The study shows that status of compliance with food safety measures in Indian fish processing plants is satisfactory. Though the cost of compliance with food safety is high, it is beneficial to processor/ exporter in better price realization and acceptance of the products in international markets. The compliance with food safety measures can be further enhanced by easy and cheap availability of credit to processors and capacity building of all stakeholders in fish supply chain for their better adoption at lower level of supply chain to ensure safe raw material for the processing industries