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Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of crab meat
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 1998) Selvin, J.; Ismail, T.; Stephen, J.; George, C.
Different species of sea crabs, Portunus pelagicus, C. sanguinolentus, Charybdis cruciata, and C. lucifera were analysed for moisture, protein, lipids, non-protein nitrogen, alpha amino nitrogen, carbohydrate glycogen, fructose, ribose and minerals. The meat had high content of alpha amino nitrogen, ribose, phosphorus, and sodium whereas lipids, glycogen, fructose, potassium, and calcium were low. stroma protein was low in all species. Biochemical composition did not show much variation. Protein efficiency ratios except that of P.sanguinolentus were better than that of casein.
Biomedical applications of collagen and chitosan
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Sankar, T.V.
Biopolymer is a term used to refer to the polymers which are biologically synthesized by nature. Polysaccharides are one such class of polymers comprising of simple monosaccharide molecules connected by ether type linkage to give a high molecular weight polymer. Among the different polysaccharides, cellulose and chitin are the most abundant biopolymers. Professor Henri Braconnot, Director of the Botanical Garden in Nancy, France isolated a fraction called fungine in 1 811 from the cell walls of mushrooms (Madhavan, 1992). Odier (1823) found similar material in the cuticle of beetles and re-named fungine as chitin after the Greek word chiton. The discovery of chitosan is ascribed to Rouget in 1859 (Sambasivan, 1992) and he, by boiling chitin in KOH, produced chitosan soluble in organic acids. Now it is understood that chitin is soluble in dimethyl acetamide containing 5% lithium chloride (Rutherford and Austin, 1978) and insoluble in aqueous acetic acid and chitosan's solubility is reverse to that of chitin in these two solvents. The nitrogen content of chitin is usually less than 7%, while that of chitosan is more than 7%. It was only in 1950, the structure of chitosan was resolved. Collagen is produced from air bladder of fish and chitosan from prawn shell.
A comparative evaluation of the biochemical composition of three tuna species
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Mumthaz, V.R.; Yathavamoorthi, R.; Thomas, A.; James, R.; Gopal, T.K.S.; Mathew, S.
There is an ever increasing awareness about health foods especially in developed countries and fish is getting more acceptances because of its special nutritional qualities. Fish can serve as a significant source of protein, minerals, essential fatty acids and amino acids. Lysine present in them can supplement the corresponding deficiency in plant proteins. Two significant components present in marine fish and not present in other foods are the o-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Most important dietary recommendation to improve health and prevent chronic diseases is to increase dietary intake of co-3 fatty acids that are found primarily in the fatty fish (Exler and Wehrauch, 1988). These fatty acids have been suggested to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of major diseases affecting human health such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), cancer, diabetics, high blood pressure and auto immune diseases. Mackerel supplemented diet lowers the systolic and diastolic pressure in hypertensive subjects (Flick and Martin, 1992). Animal studies have shown that ingestion of fish oils prevents or diminishes arrhythmia (Charnock, 1991) Administration of fish oil has been found to be useful to reduce the inflammatory effects in many patients (Budiarso, 1990). High dietary intake of c -6 fatty acids have beneficial effects against malignant tumors (Cave, 1991). DHA are particularly valuable as nutrients for the cells of the brain, nervous system, eyes, adrenal glands (Carlson and Salem, 1991). With the current average seafood consumption of 14g/day, our intake of EPA and DHA is small. It is highly unlikely that an excess of o)-3 fatty acid will result from seafood consumption (Flick and Martin, 1992). Even with an increase in seafood consumption by a factor of five,it would be difficult to achieve the estimated intake of w-3 fatty acids. Enrichment of food with fish oil encapsulations is a remedy to this particular problem.
Edible protein films from fish myofibrillar proteins
(Society of Fishery Technologists (India), 1998) Raghunath, M.R.; Nair, P.G.V.
One of the uses of thermally stable dispersions of fish myofibrillar proteins is as edible film. A modified method of preparation of thermostable dispersions was developed which involves acidification of meat water homogenate.The dispersions were cast in glass trays and dried in an oven at 50 degree C. Dried dispersions yielded light yellow translucent films with good flexibility. The films become brittle if dried further or stored at low humidity. Heating the dispersions prior to casting excluded air bubbles and thus improved the quality of films.
Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid profile in rats
(Society of Fishery Technologists (India), 1998) Nair, P.G.V.; Ammu, K.; Devadasan, K.
Effect of a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrate containing about 80 percentage free acids at a level of 1 percentage of the diet, on the fatty acid profile of the lipids of liver and heart of rats fed on it for a period of three months was investigated. Law levels of dietary PUFA influence fatty acid composition of the lipids in liver and heart. The pattern of changes was different in the two organs, indicating tissue specificity to n-3 PUFA.
Effect of red mangrove (rhizophora apiculata) root extract on sodium nitrite-induced oxidative stress in rats
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Asha, K.K.; Mathew, S.; Remyakumari, K.R.
Oxidative stress arising from an imbalance in the antioxidant system is responsible for the ailments of the heart, brain dysfunction, immune system decline and also for aging. Thus there has been an increasing interest in recent years in healthy life styles and interest in antioxidants and food supplements has grown remarkably. The role of natural products as a source for remedies has been recognized since ancient times (de Pasquale, 1984). An analysis of a number of chemotherapeutic agents and their sources indicates that over 60% of approved drugs are derived from natural compounds (Cragg et at., 1997). With a proven record of natural products in drug discovery, there is a compelling need for expanding exploration of nature as a source of novel healing agents. Besides the endogenous antioxidant defenses that combat the oxidative stress, consumption of antioxidants appears to be important. Antioxidants can be either synthetic or of natural origin. The use of synthetic antioxidants in food is being discouraged by many health regulating agencies in recent times. Plants are good sources of natural antioxidants (Shahidi, 2000), which has been the basis of numerous studies in the last decade. Among these, flavonoids and related phenolics have gained importance. Unpublished data on mangrove plant, Rhizophora apiculata or red mangrove, from GIFT, Cochin and earlier studies have established that the root of this plant is a rich source of flavonoids and has several low molecular weight compounds like glucosides, fatty acids, sterols and hydrocarbons (Sharaf et at., 2000). Perera et at. (2008) extracted polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids from root and bark of RhIzophora mangle, a species closely related to R. apiculata. Several investigators have established that mangroves are also rich in polyphenols, among which flavonoids are a significant group (Kathiresan and Ravi, 1990; Ravi and Kathiresan, 1990; Achmadi et al., 1994). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the ethanolic root extract of the mangrove plant Rhizophora apiculata on experimentally induced oxidative stress in brain tissue of male albino rats.
Effect of taurine on glucose metabolism in experimentally-induced fulminant hepatic failure in rats
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Asha, K.K.; Devadasan, K.
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a devastating illness that has a high mortality rate and affects patients with previously healthy livers (Moreno- Gonzalez etal. 1995). Although an uncommon disorder, it is usually fatal and is defined as the occurrence of encephalopathy in a previously healthy person, within eight weeks from onset of severe liver disease. Although the etiology of FHF remains unclear, viral hepatitis and drug-induced liver injury account for the majority of causes. FHF caused by viral hepatitis is a national health problem in the developing countries. Hepatitis E causes large-scale epidemics of hepatitis in the Indian subcontinent, involving hundreds of thousands of cases with high mortality (Acharya et at., 2000; Khan et al., 2006) Clinical features of FHF can be divided into two broad groups: (i) manifestations of acute hepatic injury, namely, jaundice, shrunken liver, high liver enzymes, deficiency of clotting factors and other synthetic functions of the liver; and (U) multi-organ failure and a wide range of metabolic disturbances. All patients should be managed in an intensive care setting pending transfer to a liver transplantation center. Several issues namely selection of patients, appropriate timing of the transplant, the difficulty of making donor liver available within a short period of time, and postoperative course of these sick patients, and the fact that liver transplant should take place before severe irreversible brain damage has made transplantation for FHF a very challenging field (Turchetti, 2003). Despite this complexity, impressive recent progress has been achieved in advancing our understanding and appreciation of the cellular processes and mechanistic bases underlying fulminate hepatic failure. Effective clinical application of hepatoprotective and cytotrophic drugs may offer valuable time to provide a donor liver, or alternatively, to allow the native liver to regenerate.
Effect of temperature on thiol group of myofibrillar protein from common carp
(Society of Fishery Technologists (India), 2003) Giles, T.N.; Anandan, R.; Sankar, T.V.
The free sulfhydryl group present in proteins determine the structural and functional properties of seafood. Thermal processing affects the structural and functional properties of protein. This necessitates the requirement of optimum level of thermal treatment in the processing of seafood.In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the effect of temperature (10 degree C-70 degree C) on functional properties of myofibrillar proteins extracted from common crap (Cyprinus carpio) with respect to the exposure of sulfhydryl groups to the surface. Maximum sulfhydryl content was noticed between 30 degree and 40 degree C. When the temperature increased or decreased from this range,a decrease in sulfhydryl content was noticed.A marked decrease in sulfhydryl content was observed when temperature increased from 50 degree to 60 degree C.These may be attributed to the formation or breakdown of disulfide bonds. Though the formation of disulfide bonds contributes positively to the gel strength and elasticity of protein foods, it also indirectly causes nutritional loss by depleting the free sulfhydryl groups.
Effect of w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid from fish oil on progression of dalton's lymphoma ascite and hepatocarcinoma in swiss albino mice
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Nayak, J.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.; Anandan, R.
Cancer, a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, is the second leading cause of death in world (Vay Liang etal., 2001). In the year 2000, worldwide over 10 million new cases of cancer was estimated with more than half of incidences reported from I the developing countries (Parkin et al., 2001). Although estimates vary, it was predicted that by the year 2020 there would be almost 20 million new cases of cancer and the contribution from the developing countries might rise upto 70%. At present nearly one million new cases are being detected in India annually (Murthy et al., 1998). It is generally accepted that the causes of cancer could be physical (radiation), chemical (carcinogens) and viral (papilloma or EB virus). Cancer incidences have also been related to environmental and life-style factors. Classic epidemiological studies conducted by Doll and Peto (1981) showed that environment and life style factors account for more than 60-80% of human cancers. In India the incidence of cancers of colon, pancreas, liver and gall bladder is rising largely due to urbanization that leads to major changes in the diet and personal habits (Mohandas and Jagannath, 2000).
Effects of peroxidised PUFA on tissue defence system in experimentally induced myocardial infraction in rats
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2003) Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Ammu, K.; Nair, P.G.V.
In the present study, the administration of peroxidised PUFA was found to aggravate the isoproterenol-induced myocardial infraction in rats, which was evident from the increased level protein and enhanced the release of marker enzymes in the serum of rats given PUFA and isoproterenol. It was also observed that oxidized PUFA in the diet resulted in higher levels of peroxidation and lower levels of antiperoxidative enzymes.
Heat coagualation studies on mixed systems of actomysin and sarcoplasmic protein
(Society of Fishries Technologists (India), 1982) Radhakrishnan, A.G.; Antony, P.D.; Nair, M.R
Actomyosin and sarcoplasmic proteins were prepared from fishes like oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) mullet (Mugil parsia) cat fish (Tachysurus dussumeri) tilapia (Tilapia mossambia)and poolan (Electris fusca) by extracting with appropriate buffers. They were heat coagulated individually and also after mixing in various proportion. The ratio of actomyosin to sarcoplasmic protein varied from 0.28 to 1.2 while the ratio of actomyosin to coagulable sarcoplasmic protein varied from 0.82 to 2.0. On heating after mixing sarcoplasmic protein and actomyosin in various proprtion;it is the actomyosin that is mostly affected compared to sarcoplasmic protein. These observations may have a direct bearing on the gel forming capacity of the meats of the concerned species.
Heavy metals in the sediments from mumbai coast
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Aanand, S.; Purushothaman, C.S.; Rajendran, K.V.
Heavy metals, once thought to be insignificant as pollutants, has become one of the worst pollutants, following the outbreak of Minamata disease in Japan, as a result of Hg poisoning. Since then, various studies have been conducted on the effects of various heavy metals on the ecosystem. These research works led to the categorization of heavy metals as "black listed" and "grey listed" elements, and strict standards were laid down for the discharge of the same in the ecosystem (Phillips and Rainbow, 1997). Marine sediments can be a sensitive indicator for monitoring contaminants in the marine environment (Larsen and Jensen, 1989). Mumbai is a large metropolis on the west coast of India and forms the hub of important industrial activities. All the effluents generated in the city reaches the coastal waters. Studies on different aspects of heavy metal pollution on Mumbai coast have been conducted by several workers (Matkar etal.. 1981; Patel et al., 1985; Gajbhiye, et al. 1985; Patel and Chandy, 1988; Qasim, et al. 1988; Kumari et al., 1992; Nair and Kumari, 1993). However, information on current status of pollution would be useful in the coastal regions like Mumbai, which are under tremendous population and industrial pressure. The present study was carried out to understand the spatial and temporal variations of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn in the sediments of Mumbai coast.
Hypocholesterolemic effect of fish proteins and fish oils in albino rats
(Society of Fishery Technologists (India), 1982) Nair, P.G.V.; Devadasan, K.; Antony, P.D.
Casein or fish proteins (from Nemipterus japonicus), as the main source of protein and groundnut oil or sardine as the main source of fat, were used in four different combinations in diets of four groups of 5 week-old albino rats to see their effect on the cholesterol levels in the serum, liver and heart of the animals. Casein groundnut oil group (control)had the highest level of serum cholesterol and casein-fish oil group, the lowest. Fish protein-groundnut oil-fed animals also showed a significantly lower level of serum cholesterol, suggesting a hypocholesterolemic effect in the case of fish protein also. However, in the case of fish protein-fish oil group, the lowering of cholesterol was not as pronounced as would be expected of a combined hypocholesterolemic effect of fish oil and fish protein. The pattern of increase in liver cholesterol levels. Significance of these finding are discused
Influence of coconut oil, fish oil and polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched diets on the health status of albino rats
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Mathew, M.; Mathew, S.
Contrary to popular belief, fats and oils are an important part of nutrition in a healthy diet. Healthful sources of fat contribute to our energy stores and act as excellent lubricants, lubing up our digestive tract and providing protective insulation to our organs as well as allowing for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K (He, 2009). Fish oils are rich in the fat soluble vitamins and they contain antioxidant hydrocarbons like squalene and immune boosting compounds like 1-0-alkyl glycerol ethers and are blessed with the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids especially the n-3 series eg. EPA, DHA (Enas, 1996). These long chain n3 PUFAs have been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and reduce symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis. Fish oil helps in reducing the risk of heart related disorders as it is a powerful anti-inflammatory and can help reduce the risk from the Creactive proteins (Ciubotaru et al., 2003). Secondly, the omega 3 fatty acids help to prevent clumping and stickiness of the blood. Thus, blood can flow more easily in the arteries reducing the probability of heart attacks or strokes. Fish oil also helps to prevent plaque build-up inside the arteries. The association between fish consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been extensively studied (Virtanen et al., 2008; Mozaffarian et al., 2008; Leaf et al., 2008; Rule et at., 1996). Although the results are inconsistent, the majority of studies are in favour of the cardio protective effects of fish consumption. Dietary n3 PUFA of marine origin rich in EPA and DHA are reported to be more effective than vegetable oils in decreasing plasma triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol concentration.
Influence of habitat on the fatty acid composition of Tilapia [Tilapia mossambica]
(Scoiety of Fisheries Technologists (India), 1985) Nair, R.K.G.; Gopakumar, K.
Lipids were extracted from the body and viscera of tilapia of the same age group from freshwater and brackishwater natural habitats separately and the fatty acid composition was determined by gasliquid chromatography. Significant differences were observed in the fatty acid composition of tilipia from brackishwater and freshwater habitats. The differences were more pronounced in body lipids than in visceral lipds. There were clear differences in the individual fatty acids present and also in their content of saturated monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids. 22:6w3 acids was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the body fat of tilapia of brackishwater origin and linoleic acid (18:2w6) was the major acid in the body fat freshwater tilapia. In the freshwater tilapia body fat, 20:4w6>20:5w3 and in backishwater fish tilapia body fat 20:5w3>20:4w6. It is seen that the fatty acid composition of tilapia from brackishwater was similar to that of a true marine fish.
Isolation of squalene from Shark liver oil
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2003) Thankappan, T.K.
Liver oils of some deep sea sharks mainly Certrophorus sp.found under a depth of 300-1000 m. in the Pacific, North Atlantic and Indian Ocean contain 85 to 90% unsaponifiable matter which contains the hydrocarbon squalene. Squalene and its hydrogenated product squalane are used for several decads as base for cosmetic products. Realizing its importance, a method for extraction, isolation and purification of squalene was developed.
Nutritive value of red and white meat of oil sardine [Sardinella longiceps]
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 1985) Mukundan, M.K.; Radhakishnan, A.G.; james, M.A.; Nair, M.R.
Dried red and white meat of oil sardine was fed to albino rats along with protein free basal diet. Simultaneusly controls were also run with casein and protien free basal diet. The study was conducted for a period of one month. The results showed that the PER is higher for fish fed animals than casin fed animals. Similarly the enzyme activities of lipase and protease were also high in fish fed animals. The difference between red and white meat in PER and the enzyme activities are also reported.
Organochloro pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic heavy metals in locally marketed marine fishes
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2003) Radhakrishnan, A.G.; Anandan, R.
Though much attention has been given in monitoring pollutants and toxicants in fish that is exported, there have been no serious attempts to examine their presence in fish marketed locally. Fish samples viz., Lutjanus argentimaculates (red snapper), Psettodes erumei (Indian halibut) and Sardinella longiceps (oil sardine) collectedfrom Thoppumpady Fish Market (Cochin,Kerala)were analyzed for the levels of toxic principles like organochloro pesticides (Alpha-BHC,Beta-BHC,Gama-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, heptaepoxide, dieldrin, ppDDE, OP DDD, OP DDT, pp DDT and endrin) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenapthylene, fluorine, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluranthine, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluranthene, benzo(k)fluranthene, dibenz(a,b)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno-1,2,3-cd pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and acenaphthene) and toxic heavy metals(Pb, Cd and Hg).The levels of these toxic components in the fish samples were found to be very low.
Relation between physicochemical properties and gel strength of myofibrillar protein from selected marine fishes
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2010) Sankar, T.V.; Ramachandra, D.; Mohan, M.
The functional properties of fish meat depend mainly on characteristics of myofibrillar proteins (Coll et al., 1997) which in turn depends on their composition, structure and their interaction with other food components (Colmenero and Borderias, 1993). Study of functional property of myofibrillar proteins is important in determining the quality of the product (Roura and Crupkin, 1995). The native characteristics of proteins in fish muscles can be better understood when investigated when proteins are extracted from fish in prime condition. Further, protein being hydrophilic in nature, tissue proteins usually exists in native characteristics in tune with the aqueous environment as shown by low surface hydrophobicity, low SH groups etc. in order to exhibit maximum physiological function. The variation in native characteristic is related to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the characteristics of protein in vivo and its interaction with other tissue components.
Trace metals in cephalopod molluscs - A unique phenomenon in metal accumulation
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 1994) Lakshmanan, P.T.; Stephen, J.
Concentrations of trace metals, viz. mercury (Hg), cadmium (CD), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) were monitored in frozen squid (Loligo duvacelii) and cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) products. The whole soft parts of cuttlefish and squid often contained high levels of Cd(>2ppm) and As (>1ppm). A high concentration of Cd was always associated with high levels of Cu and Zn in both the molluscs. Hg content was very low and ranged between 50-100 ppb. Pb was present in low concentrations. Liver was found to be the major site of accumulation for Cd, Cu and Zn, in these species. The order of accumulation of the metals, in general was liver> gonad > gills > muscle. Se content often exceeded 3 ppm in the whole soft parts. However a corresponding build up was not found in liver or other organs.

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