2012

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Adoption of quality management practices in seafood processing sector in cochin region
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Balasubramaniam, S.; Jeeva, J.C.; Ashaletha, S.
The study was conducted in 34 fish processing units in Ernakulam and Alleppey districts of Kerala, India. Data were collected on the general profile of the seafood processing units, availability of infrastructural facilities and managerial role performance of fish processors. The results revealed that 76.47% of the units were EU approved and 23.53% were Non-EU units. The average quantity handled per day was 11.12 t while the production capacity was 21.51 t day super(-1). For the availability of infrastructural facilities in the processing units, the adequacy index was more than 90. The overall role performance index of the fish processors was found to be 74.46. The adoption of quality management practices was determined in terms of good hygienic practices (Mean: 99.51%), good manufacturing practices (Mean: 97.65%), standard sanitation operation procedures (Mean: 99.08%) and good laboratory practices (Mean: 96.33%). The significant 'F' value in the multiple regression analysis revealed the overall significance of influence of 14 independent variables when taken together in explaining the extent of adoption of good hygienic practices by the fish processing units. Of the fourteen variables, only type of approval and adequacy of infrastructural availability in the processing units positively contributed towards the extent of adoption of quality management practices. The R super(2) value indicated that the 14 variables selected together explained 67.70% of variation in the adoption level. The major constraints expressed by the processors were also listed out.
Analysis of socio-economic variables and impact of tsunami among the mechanized boat operators in tamilnadu
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Jeeva, J.C.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Ashaletha, S.; Jeyanthi, P.
The post-Tsunami fisheries scenario and socioeconomic conditions among the mechanized boat operators in Tamilnadu, India were studied. The data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 60 mechanized boat operators from Cuddalore and Nagapattinam districts (30 per district) in Tamilnadu, India. The average fishing days in a year was 217 and 213 for Cuddalore and Nagapattinam respectively. The average investment on fishing unit was Rs 15.50 and Rs 16.38 lakhs respectively in both the centres. Almost all the respondents in both the districts reported no change in various parameters viz., demand for fish, price of fish, change in the taste or quality of fish, urbanization/migration and changes in health, sanitation, nutritional status and outbreak of any disease after Tsunami. Increased fishing pressure, introduction of steel trawlers, ring seine operation, large mesh trawls, double-rig trawling, single-day to multi-day fishing, larger boats and usage of electronic instruments were found to be the major changes in the post-Tsunami period. Significant changes could be observed in the present value of craft and gear, investment and indebtedness in the pre and post-Tsunami periods. Majority of the respondents in both the study areas expressed satisfaction with the adequacy of mitigation measures such as supply/replacement/repair of fishing devices, technological assistance, credit facilities, health and hygiene.
Assessment of certain Anthropogenic Interventions and their Impacts along the Indian Coastline
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2012) Kaladharan, P.; Vijayakumaran, K.; Singh, V. V.; . Asha, P. S; Sulochanan, Bindu; Asokan, P. K.; Valsala, K. K.; Veena, S.; Jayasankaran, L.; Bhint, H. M.
Coastal anthropogenic activities such as sand mining, disposal of untreated or partially treated sewage and industrial effluents from selected centres along Indian coastline and their possible impacts impairing the coastal environment are discussed with the data collected for two year period from eight maritime states of India. Destruction of macro benthos due to large scale sand mining along the Malabar coast was estimated to show an average of 2760 m-2 day-1 equivalent to 10.42 g m-2 day-1 (wet weight) registering maximum during the post monsoon season. Non biodegradable objects such as polythene carry bags, ropes and sachets were recovered in considerable quantities from the beaches (0.145-9.8 g m-2) as well as from the fishing grounds (32-85 g haul-1). The domestic sewage disposed to Visakhapatnam inshore area registered appreciable density of toxic algal species such as Gonyalux fragilis, Peridnium depressum and Porocentrum gracile. Annual average of mercury in soft tissues of crab Portunus sanguinolentus was found in very high levels from Veraval (2.90 ppm) followed by Tuticorin (2.39 ppm), Visakhapatnam (1.83 ppm) and Cochin (1.77 ppm). However, arsenic levels were very high in all the tissue samples collected from Tuticorin, Mandapam, Chennai and Visakhapatnam
Biochemical and microbiological evaluation of tuna Loin processing waste
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Murthy, L.N.; Rao, B.M.; Prasad, M.M.
The study conducted on the yellow fin tuna loin processing showed a sizeable portion as waste in the form of belly flap, off cut meat, off cut mince from the bone, meat mince, blood meat, head, gut, tail, skin and bone. Analysis of proximate composition of processing waste showed protein content ranging between 18.72 and 23.95%. The fat content was highest in belly flap (7.52%) and lowest in head meat (0.23%). The appreciable amounts of protein (18.73 to 23.95%) and low fat content (0.23 to 1.92%) of off-cut mince, bone meat, head meat and blood meat make them suitable for value addition if other quality parameters are within the acceptable level. Microbiological quality of the tuna processing waste was found acceptable whereas histamine content was on the higher side. Implementation of Good Management Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system right from capture to processing would facilitate effective utilization of tuna processing waste for value addition.
Biotyping and antibiotic resistance profile of yersinia enterocolitica associated with seafoods from south-west coast of India
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2012) Kishore, P.; Lalitha, K.V.; Joseph, T.C.; Thampuran, N.
This study reports occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strains resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin and sulphamethizole in fish and shellfish species landed in southwest coast of India. Thirty finfish and shellfish samples collected from various sources such as farms, retail outlets and landing centres in south-west coast of India were examined for the presence of Y. enterocolitica. Sixty three Yersinia strains were isolated and characterized. Y. intermedia was the most commonly isolated species. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A was recovered from squid, but did not belong to the pathogenic serogroups O:3, O:5, O:8 or O:9. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolated Y. enterocolitica strains revealed that these strains were resistant (100%) to ampicillin, cephalothin and sulphamethizole. As determined through PCR analysis the Y. enterocolitica isolates from squid carried inv genes, but were negative for ail and yst genes.
Bycatch Characterization of Shrimp Trawl Landings off Southwest Coast of India
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Gibinkumar, T.R.; Sabu, S.; Pravin, P.; Boopendranath, M.R.
Bycatch and discards are common and pernicious problems faced by all fisheries globally. It is recognized as unavoidable in any kind of fishing but the quantity varies according to the gear operated. In tropical countries like India, bycatch issue is more complex due to the multi-species and multi-gear nature of the fisheries. Among the different fishing gears, trawling accounts for a higher rate of bycatch, due to comparatively low selectivity of the gear. A study was conducted during 2004 to 2006 using shrimp trawl in the traditional trawling grounds off Cochin in the southwest coast of India to reveal the quality, quantity and monthly variations of bycatch generated by trawlers. Mean monthly bycatch generated by shrimp trawling off Cochin ranged from 1.14 to 38.64 kg h-1, in different months with an overall average of 12.85±1.97 (SE, n=12) kg h-1. Shrimpbycatch ratio ranged from 1:0.6 to 1:6908, during different months. The study identified 281 species including juveniles of commercially important fishes and shellfishes from the shrimp trawl bycatch.
Consumers’ Preferences for Different Fish Groups in Tripura, India
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2012) Debnath, Biswajit; Biradar, R. S.; Pandey, S. K.; Ananthan, P. S.; Das, Apu; Patil, P. R.
Consumers’ preference for fish in Tripura is facing an interesting dynamism where consumers are supplied with variety of fish species or groups. Preferences for different fish depend on the relative importance given to various attributes of fish and the utility received from it. This paper aims at finding the consumers’ preferences towards various consumption attributes for different fish groups in Tripura. The study was conducted for five selected fish groups across five selected consumption attributes for rural and urban Tripura separately. Local carps, inter-state carps, local non-carps, inter-state non-carps and small weed fish were the five major fish groups identified in fish markets of Tripura. Conjoint analysis of consumption attributes showed 34.08% (for rural Tripura) and 29.72% (for urban Tripura) of relative importance to ‘price’ among five selected attributes (price, taste, availability, freshness and source). ‘Freshness of fish’ was found to be the important consumption attribute for interstate carps and non-carps. Utility profile was found to be the highest for small weed fish (total utility = 31.06) in rural and for local carps (total utility = 35.08) in urban Tripura among five selected Choice Fish Groups. The difference in utility profile between rural and urban may be due to the combination of different factors like higher average income in urban area and greater availability of small weed fish in rural water resources. High income urban consumers have higher purchase power to buy high priced local carps. Boosting up local fish production to reduce the price of fish using ‘principle of supply’ is one of the major strategic options suggested in this study.
Design and Technical Specifications of Seer Fish Gillnets of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2013) Kazi, T. G.; Mohite, A. S.; Jadhav, R. R.
Gillnet is commonly used by the fishermen of Ratnagiri for the capture of seer fish. The present study deals with design, technical specifications and operation of seer fish gillnets (towerchi rapan) operated off Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. The nets were made of webbings of polyamide multifilament of 210d×2×3 to 210d×12×3 having mesh sizes ranging from 70 to 150 mm. Each fleet of net comprised of webbings of different mesh sizes in combination to capture different size groups of fishes, which is not a good practice. The nets were without foot ropes and were operated as surface drift during September to December and column drift during October to May. The seer fish gillnet fishing sector of Ratnagiri comes under the category of ‘small scale drift net fisheries’ as fleet length of majority of the units was below 2500 m.
Development and Evaluation of an e-Learning Module for Aquaculture Development through ICT Projects: ADDIE Model
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2012) Mahalakshmi, P.; Krishnan, M.
The aim of this study was to produce an e-Learning module to assist the users of Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs), Puducherry, which is one of the information centres in coastal areas and to evaluate its suitability as an alternative learning material. The centre was initiated by Information Village Research Project of M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India for aquaculture development in coastal areas. The module development and evaluation followed the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) model of Instructional System Design. Based on the overall assessment of the VKCs, the asynchronous e-Learning module in Tamil on mud crab fattening, which has been identified as one of the species for diversification in brackishwater aquaculture, was developed by Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA). The results revealed that the items related to contents produced, visual design, accessibility and presentation style had good responses. The findings indicated that majority of the respondents had intention to use the module in future (85.3%) and to recommend the module to other learners (100%) who are interested in mud crab fattening. The results also revealed that 84% of the respondents felt that this module could be used as an alternative learning material in mud crab fattening though it still needed improvements in various aspects such as presentation of information with animation effects, user friendliness and interactivity
Effect of cryoprotectants on the functional properties of proteins from tilapia (oreochromis mossambicus) during frozen storage
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2012) Murthy, L.N.; Panda, S.K.; Rajanna, K.B.
Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) whole fish (dressed), washed meat and washed meat with cryoprotectants were prepared, frozen and stored at -20 degree C. The stored samples were drawn at 30 day intervals up to 360 days and samples were analyzed for various functional properties of proteins. Gel strength (g cm) decreased gradually for all samples during storage but washed meat showed drastic reduction from initial values of 431.46 to 125.66 g cm. This could be due to aggregation or denaturation of proteins, which lowered the gel forming ability of the meat during the storage period. The effect of freezing on the solubility was to the tune of 25-40% in different samples. The rate of decrease in protein solubility was higher in all the samples immediately after freezing and was minimum in dressed tilapia, where it decreased from 86.46 to 34.94% of total proteins. Free sulphydral group content increased immediately after freezing in all the three samples and subsequently declined, except for the meat with cryoprotectants, where the free sulphydral value remained constant throughout the storage period. Overall, the cryoprotectants were found to be less effective in minimizing deteriorative changes in tilapia meat during frozen storage.
Effect of rhizophora root extracts on wound healing and yeast-induced pyrexia in rats
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2012) Mathew, M.; Xavier, K.A.M.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Kumar, K.A.
Mangrove plants are part of tropical marine ecosystems of coastal regions of Kerala, India and their parts are widely used as folklore medicines. Root extracts of Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata from Cochin backwater area, Kerala, India were screened for antipyretic and wound healing properties. Methanolic aqueous root extracts of R. mucronata and R. apiculata were tested at 460 and 535 mg kg super(-1) concentrations respectively, in male albino rats. In both cases, bioactivities were compared with that of standard drug and a control group. Among the two species analyzed, maximum activity was observed in the methanolic root extracts of R. apiculata followed by R. mucronata. It is postulated that antipyretic and wound healing effects are caused by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and decrease in the cytokine levels. Phytochemical screening of residues revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and glycosides, which may account for the observed pharmaceutical effects in the Rhizophora species studied.
Energy Analysis of the Ring Seine Operations, off Cochin, Kerala
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Boopendranath, M.R.; Hameed, M.S.
Ring seines are lightly constructed purse seines adapted for operation in the traditional sector. Fish production and energy requirement in the ring seine operations, off Cochin, Kerala, India are discussed in this paper, based on data collected during 1997- 1998. The results reflect the Gross Energy Requirement (GER) situation that existed during 1997-1998. Mean catch per ring seiner per year worked out to be 211.9 t of which sardines (Sardinella spp.) constituted 44.3%, followed by Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) 29.7%, carangids 11.4%, penaeid prawns 2.2%, pomfrets 1.1% and miscellaneous fish 11.3%. Total energy inputs into the ring seine operations were estimated to be 1300.8 GJ. Output by way of fish production was determined to be 931.85 GJ. GER is the sum of all non-renewable energy resources consumed in making available a product or service and is a measure of intensity of non-renewable resource use. GER per tonne of fish landed by ring seiners was estimated to be 6.14. Among the operational inputs, kerosene constituted 73.4% of the GER, followed by petrol (12.7%), diesel (6.7%) and lubricating oil (2.4%). Fishing gear contributed 3.8%, engine 0.8% and fishing craft 0.3% of the GER. Energy ratio for ring seining was 0.72 and energy intensity 1.40.
Fisher Friend Mobile Application – An Innovative and Promising ICT Tool in Fisheries e-Extension
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2012) Vimala, D. D.; Ravisankar, T
Among the new e-Extension initiatives in the fisheries sector, the advisory services through mobile phone occupy an important place in disseminating information and knowledge to fisherfolk. This study was conducted in Akkarapettai, Samanthanpettai and Chinnangudi villages of Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu where information dissemination through mobile phones is being actively practiced by M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. A sample of 56 fisherfolk was drawn using simple random sampling procedure. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The study focused on two aspects namely, demographic characteristics of the respondents and the type of information disseminated and its preferences through mobile phone. The information disseminated were: daily weather and wave height forecast, potential fishing zones, GPS based navigation solutions, details of Government schemes in operation, Government subsidies, market/landing centre information, clips of the day and audio clips based on need assessment of the respondents. The constraints such as small size of the mobile screen, too many scrolls to read the full content, slow scrolling speed, small font size and time constraints were expressed. GPS technology integrated, waterresistant model, voice enabled messages, flat models instead of folding types, high capacity charge batteries and GPS software with novel features were preferred by the fisherfo
Modulation in Nutritional Quality of Microalgae, Chaetoceros calcitrans in Different Culture Media
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2012) Lincymol, K.P.; Ittoop, Gijo; Devi, P. Lakshmi; Joseph, Aneykutty
The present study was initiated to identify the best medium for culture of Chaetoceros calcitrans that could provide better protein and lipid content while supporting good growth of the algae. The media selected were Walne’s, Miquel’s, Chu and f/2 media. The algae cultured in Walne’s, Miquel’s and f/2 media showed significantly higher content of lipid (P<0.05) in the late exponential phase. Protein content was the highest in Walne’s medium (32.53 ± 0.28% dry weight) as compared to other media tested. Maximum cell density was recorded in f/2 medium. Miquel’s medium gave the maximum carbohydrate content (16.92 ± 1.54% dry weight). It was observed that media could certainly influence the biochemical composition of microalgae and therefore selection of media should be based on the larval requirement of the target species. Results obtained in the present study revealed that microalgae cultured in Walne’s medium gave high values of protein and lipid content. Although cell count was the highest in f/2 medium, Walne’s medium provided the best nutritional quality of algae.
Optimization of Packing Conditions for Live Transportation of Anabas testudineus and Channa punctatus
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 2012) Pandit, D. N.; Ghosh, T. K.
The study reports the optimized conditions for the live transportation of two air breathing fishes viz., Anabas testudineus and Channa punctatus. The requirement of bimodal oxygen, water and commercial oxygen for packing the fishes was determined. The use and suitable dose of MS-222, a standard fish anaesthetic containing ethyl-m-aminobenzoate as an active ingredient during live transportation was also studied. Five specimens of A. testudineus (total weight 72.50 g) required 385.880 and 497.977 mg oxygen from water and air respectively for packing and transportation for 72 h. For five specimens of C. punctatus (total weight: 57.50 g), 377.182 mg aquatic oxygen and 253.669 mg aerial oxygen was required. The optimum dose of MS-222 for A. testudineus (body weight: 14.00 ± 0.5 g) and for C. punctatus (body weight: 11.55 ± 0.65 g) was determined to be 70.0 mg l–1 and 32.50 mg l–1 respectively. The fishes transported in the optimized conditions reached the destination after 72 h without mortality
Prevalent Diseases among Freshwater Ornamental Fishes in Nagaon District, Assam
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2012) Kalita, Binod; Tamuli, Krishna Kanta; Baishya, Sangipran; Dutta, Omeo Kumar
Incidence of parasitic and microbial diseases in ornamental fishes affect relationship between the population density, source and water quality of the rearing environment. Constant monitoring of water quality, quarantine treatments and disease preventive measures may ensure growth of a sound trade of these fishes in the region
Quality aspects of dried fish marketed in the north eastern states of India
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2012) Vijayan, P.K.; Surendran, P.K.
Physical, sensory, biochemical and microbiological quality of dry fish products (nine unsalted and six salted) available in Jagi Road dry fish market of Assam, India was evaluated. Moisture content varied from 11.08 to 44.32% and salt content from 0.26 to 3.4% in unsalted and from 15.71 to 52.76% in salted samples. Ash content varied from 9.28 to 28.72% in different samples. The TVBN value was in the range of 205 to 427 mg% in eight samples while in seven samples, it was from 49 to 186 mg%. Escherichia coli was absent in all the samples, while coagulase positive staphylococci was present in one sample and faecal streptococci in two samples. Fungi was present in all the samples except one. The study showed that 80% of the products traded were of poor quality.
Social Status of Hook and Line Fishermen in Visakhapatnam
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2012) Immanuel, Sheela; Rao, G. Syda
This study aims to document the socio economic profile of the fisherfolk involved in hook and line fishing. The study was conducted among a sample of 100 fishermen involved in hook and line fishing in Pedajalaripeta village in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. Field survey method was adopted for data collection. Forty three percent of the fishermen were between the age group of 36- 45 years, and all of them belonged to Hindu religion and Jalari caste. Nearly 72% of the male population above the age of fifteen was also involved in hook and line fishing. The daily income of the fisherfolk was dependent on fish catch and it varied from Rs.150 to Rs.1 000. Regarding the ownership pattern, 32% owned fibre catamaran and 9% owned wooden catamaran. The important types of hook and line operated in the area were long line and hand line. Only single day fishing trips were operated in the study area. In 28% of the families, the fisherwomen were involved in fish marketing and their monthly income ranged from Rs. 3 000 to Rs. 7 500. Poor implementation of regulations and excess fishing capacity were reported as major constraints. The study also suggests ways to improve the socio economic status of hook and line fishermen
Trawl codend selectivity in respect of silver pomfret pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Boopendranath, M.R.; Pravin, P.; Remesan, M.P.; Thomas, S.N.; Edwin, L.
The silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) belonging to the family Stromateidae is an important resource exploited by trawlers in India and is one of the most sought after marine food fish worldwide. Information on trawl selectivity is required in biological investigations, fish stock assessment, fisheries management and fishing gear design and development. The size selectivity for this species in 100 mm diamond mesh codend was estimated using covered codend method and the selectivity parameters were estimated using the software CC 2000 (ConStat, Denmark). The L50, selection range and selection factor were determined as 144.8 mm, 27.3 mm and 1.45 respectively. The optimum mesh size estimated based on the highest reported value of length at first maturity for silver pomfret in Indian waters and the selection factor determined through trawl selectivity experiments was 150 mm, for conventional diamond mesh codends.
Waste minimisation in fishing operations
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Boopendranath, M.R.
Sources of wastes in fishing operations mainly include bycatch discards; processing wastes where catch is processed onboard; plastic wastes due to abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear; bilges and other wastes from the vessel operations. Fishing systems in general have an associated catch of nontargeted organisms known as bycatch. Non-selective fishing gear that is not modified or equipped to exclude non-targeted organisms, may take a significant quantity of bycatch of non-targeted finfish, juvenile fish, benthic animals, marine mammals, marine birds and vulnerable or endangered species that are often discarded. Average annual global discards, has been estimated to be 7.3 million t, based on a weighted discard rate of 8%, during 1992-2001 period. Trawl fisheries for shrimp and demersal finfish account for over 50% of the total estimated global discards. Plastic materials are extensively used in fisheries, owing to their durability and other desirable properties, contributing to the efficiency and catchability of the fishing gear. However, plastics biodegrade at an extremely slow rate compared to other organic materials. Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) and related marine debris have been recognized as a critical problem in the marine environment and for living marine resources. Prevention of excess fishing capacity by appropriate management measures could lead to enormous savings in terms of fuel consumption, emissions and bycatch discards from the excess fishing fleet, capital and operational investments and labour deployment in capture fisheries, with significant economic gains. In this paper, wastes originating from fishing operations are reviewed, along with their environmental impacts and possible mitigation measures.

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