2006

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    An Analysis of the Linkages Between Fishermen and Extension Personnel in Marine Fisheries in Kerala
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Immanuel, Sheela; Kanagasabapathy, K.; Balasubramaniam, S
    In marine fisheries the linkages between the fishermen and the extension system play an important role in technology transfer and its adoption. Research studies on linkages inmarine fisheries are very limited. So tbis study was taken up to find out the linkage activities through which both the systems are contacting each other. It was found that 60 % of the fishermen had medium level of linkage of with the extension personnel followed by low (21.33%) and high (19.34%) linkage level. The paper also highlights the frequency of linkage and the level of perception about linkages between the two systems. The paper implies that the linkage activities need to be enhanced so as to derive an overall development in the fisheries sector.
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    Antibacterial activity of shrimp chitosan against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from seafoods
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), Cochin, 2006) Kumar, R.; Surendran, P.K.; Thankappan, T.K.
    Antibacterial activity of shrimp shell based chitosan was determined against three food borne pathogens viz., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from seafoods. Tests were carried out in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 6.0. Four different concentrations, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.1% (w/v) of chitosan were used against E.coli and Salmonella, and 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.5% and 1% were against P.aeruginosa. Chitosan showed stronger bactericidal activity against Salmonella compared to E.coli and P.aeruginosa as evidenced by 3 log cfu.ml super(-1) reduction in Salmonella count with 0.01% chitosan concentration. There was complete elimination of 5 log cfu.ml super(-1) cell count of Salmonella within 24 h at 0.1% chitosan level. There was 3 log reduction in E.coli count at 0.01% chitosan, but not completely inhibited even at the maximum used concentration (0.1%). The inhibition concentration against P.aeruginosa was higher level compared to Enterobacteriaceae and it was found that reduction in 5 log cfu.ml super(-1) was achieved only at 72 h of chitosan exposure. Different chitosan concentrations 0.05%, 0.1% and 1% had almost same inhibition pattern for P.aeruginosa at 6h. 18h 36h and 72h of exposure. The effectiveness of chitosan against tested pathogens showed Salmonella was most susceptible towards chitosan followed by E.coli and P.aeruginosa.
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    Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from Environmental Samples of Thoothukudi Coast
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Chrisolite, B; Sugumar, G
    The incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli and Salmonella from water, beach sand and fish collected from four fish landing centres of Thoothukudi were studied. Presence of £. coli was confirmed in 90%, 92% and 79% of water, beach sand and fish samples respectively, while Salmonella was detected in 25% of water and sand samples and 17% of fish samples. The isolates were tested against fifteen antibiotics by disc diffusion method. While all the E. coh' isolates were resistant to bacitracin, erythromycin and rifampicin, none of the isolates was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulphafurazole. Among Salmonella isolates, all were resistant to bacitracin and most were resistant to ampicillin, colistin, erythromycin and rifampicin. None of the Salmonella isolates was resistant to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was higher than 0.2 in all strains of E. coli and Salmonella revealing that they might have originated from high-risk sources of contamination such as humans.
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    Aqua Fanners Perceptions on Extension Services - A Paired Comparison Approach
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Vimala, D.Deboral; Sarada, C; Krishnan, M
    Owing to the weak Research-Extension -Farmers linkage system, most of the technologies do not reach the farmers when they are in need. In this study extension services were categorized into five broad heads namely training programmes, communication support, extension programmes, method demonstration and technical assistance. An attempt has been made to study the farmer' s perception towards these extension services and prioritise these services. The psychological scale developed in this study indicated that communication support ranked first with a scale value of 0.647 followed by technical assistance (0.470), training programmes (0.182), extension programmes (0.026) and demonstrations (0). The order of priority of extension requirements was thus analysed that indicated that the farmers preferred good communication support and technical assistance. The transfer of technology can be made effective to the client system when it is need based.
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    Design and general characteristics of marine gill nets of Kerala
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2006) Thomas, S.N.; Hridayanathan, C.
    Gill nets are the most commonly used gear depended upon by the maximum fishermen in all the districts of Kerala. Results of a study on the marine gill nets of Kerala undertaken during May 1999 to June 2000 are reported in this communication. Nets of different mesh sizes ranging from 14 to 250 mm targeted at different groups of fishes are prevalent along the coast. The nets are classified into different groups and the technical specifications of each type are detailed. Polyamide (PA) monofilament has almost completely replaced PA multifilament in all the nets except those targeted for anchovy white sardine and seer. Fishermen often use nets of different mesh sizes, connected end to end, in a fleet of net landing all size groups of fishes.
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    Effect of Endosulfan and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid on the Growth and Gonadal Development of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Singh, Shalini; Ghandrasekaran, V.S.; Singh, U.P.
    The freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lamarni was subjected to acute (96 hr) static bioassay toxicity test with the pesticide endosulfan and the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and the LC g, values were 0.009 ppm and 0.5 ppm respectively. When prawns were exposed for 30 days, under static condition, to five sub-lethal concentrations, viz., 0.008, 0.007, 0.006, 0.005 and 0.004 ppm of endosulfan and 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 ppm of 2,4- diclorophenoxy acetic acid, the growth and the gonado-somatic index (GSI) were found to decrease in direct relation to increase in the concentration of the toxicants. However, there was an increase in growth at lower concentrations of endosulfan and acceleration in gonadal development at low concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
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    Effect of Incorporation of Frozen Stored Minced Fish on the Quality of Gelatinized Product from Rice and Maize Flour
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) A, Jeyakumari; Rathnakumar, K
    Fishmince was prepared Using pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) meat and frozen stored at -30°C. Mince was mixed with rice flour and maize flour at 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% level and gelatinized using twin screw extruder in the temperature rainge of 80,90,100 and llO" . Frozen stored mince wak drawn at 30 days interval upto 120 days and products were prepared. Gelatinized products were analysed for its chemical composition, biochemical, functional, organoleptical and microbiological status and the results are presented. From the results it is found that, gelatinized products prepared using minced meat stored at -SO'C for 120 days does not show any significant change in the over all quality for acceptance.
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    Ensilation of Shrimp Waste by Lactobacillus fermentum
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Mathew, Philip; Nair, K.G. Ramachandran
    Ensilation of shrimp .waste was carried out with of Lactobacillus fermentum at room temperature (30+loC). Formic acid (0.4%) was used to adjust the pH to 5.8 at the start of the experiment. The pH of the medium fell sharply from 5.8 at the beginning to around 4.5 by 2'ld day and was more or less stable during the remaining part of ensilation. The protein content of the residue showed a decrease with a proportional increase in chitin content. The ash and crude fat content registered a decrease. The data on biochemical composition of the slurry revealed that the protein content, a amino nitrogen and NPN increased substantially during fermentation. The TVBN value remained constant at about 0.07% on dry weight basis during the period of observation. Protein solubilization of the order of 60% obtained during the present study was independent of initial bacterial density and is within the range of acceptability indicating that L. fermentum is an ideal candidate for use in biofermentation of shrimp waste
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    Enterotoxigenicity of coagulase positive and negative staphylococcus species isolated from fish and fishery products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2006) Sindhu, O.K.; Surendran, P.K.
    Seventy-five strains of coagulase positive and negative Staphylococcus species were isolated from different fish and shellfish products. These strains were investigated for enterotoxin production using Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination (RPLA) method. The different samples analysed include fresh, frozen and dried fish and shellfish, battered and breaded fish/shellfish products and fish kheema. Either one or a combination of three enterotoxins, viz., Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A, B, C (SEA, SEB, SEC) was produced by most of the strains but none were found to produce the enterotoxin SED. Out of the 75 isolates tested, 25 isolates were coagulase positive and all these strains were positive for thermonuclease activity. 76% of the coagulase positive strains were toxigenic Among these, enterotoxins SEA, SEB and SEC were produced by 26.31%, 52.63%, and 47.36% of the isolates respectively. None of the isolate produced SED. Multiple enterotoxin production was also observed. While 5.26% of the strains produced SEA & SEC, 15.78% of strains SEA & SEB and 5.26% of the strains produced SEB & SEC. None of the coagulase negative isolates produced enterotoxin.
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    Growth Pattern and Competitiveness of Indian Shrimp Export Trade
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Fathima, K.B; Biradar, R.S; Salim, S.S
    Shrimp is the world's most important commodity accounting for about 19 percent of international seafood trade in value terms. In India's export trade shrimp contributed about 29 percent in quantity and 67 percent in value in the year 2002-2003. The present study was an attempt to critically examine compound growth rate and competitiveness of Indian shrimp in international seafood market based on the data collected from FAO fisheries statistics database, MPEDA statistics and Globe fish commodity update. The results indicated that India has been quite competitive in the shrimp trade, although there is a decline in the competitiveness of Indian shrimp in recent years. On the other hand, Thailand has emerged as a strong contender recording an increased competitiveness over the years. Certain policy measures are suggested to sustain the competitiveness of Indian shrimp exports in international market
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    Growth, Survival and Fecundity in Ornamental Fish, Betta splendens (Regan) as a Function of Stocking Density
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) James, R; Sampath, K
    Effects of stocking density (10,25,50,100 and 150 fish/501 ofwater) on growth, survival and fecundity were studied in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. An increase in stocking density reduced the growth, survival and fecundity in B. splendens. A significant (P < 0.05) negative correlatibyi was obtained between density and feeding parameters or gonad weight or fecundity in B. splendens. Animals reared in higher densities elicited poor gonad development and it severely affected egg production and hatching. Accumulation of more ammonia and carbon dioxide and oxygen depletion with increase in stocking density could have reduced the feed consumption and growth which in turn affected the gonad development and fecundity in female B. splendens. However, fish reared in 10 and 25D groups could withstand ammonia stress of 1.01 mg l1 without any ill effect on survival, growth, gonad development and fecundity. Fish reared in 10 D group displayed better rates of feeding and growth at early rearing period than those in 25D group. However, fish reared in 25D group showed significantly higher growth rate (t=2.71; P<0.05) and growth efficiency (t=2.67; P<0.05) than fish reared in 10D group and also in higher density groups when fish attained sexual maturity on day 42. Although fish reared in 10D laid more eggs per female B. splendens than 25D group, the total number of egg production was higher in 25D than 10D group. The percentage of egg hatchability between 10D and 25D groups did not show significant (P<0.05) difference between them. Fish reared in 25D group exhibited 100% survival like 10 D group. Based on the survival, growth rate, total number of egg production, and egg hatching rate, fish reared in 25D group is economically better than 10 D or higher than 25D groups and hence 25 fish 50 11 water is considered as optimum density.
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    Isolation and Characterization of Shewanella putrefaciens from farm reared freshwater prawn and farm environment
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, India, 2006) Lalitha, K.V.; Surendran, P.K.
    Farmed Macrobrachium wscnbergii, farm water and mud were analysed for hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria including Sliauanella putrefaciens. The biochemical characteristics and spoilage potential of S. putrefaciens strains isolated from M. rosenbergii were investigated and compared to marine and brackishwater strains isolated from fish (Rastrclligcr kaiia$urta) and black clam( Villorita cyprinoides) respectively. The H2S producing bacteria including S. putrefaciens constituted a low proportion (<2% ) of the total aerobic flora of pond water and mud and 12% of the total aerobic population on fresh prawn. On icing, there was a lag or slight decrease in the counts of H2S producing bacteria including S. putrefaciens in the muscle of M. rosenbergii. The proliferation started on 16th day of iced storage and the count of sulphide producers reached ca. 6.25 log 1() cfu g "1 in prawn muscle at the time of rejection after 3 weeks. Gram-negative, non-fermentative, motile rods constituted 16-25% of the hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria on prawn muscle and intestine and they were identified as Shezuanella putrefaciens. The results indicate that S. putrefaciens is an important spoiler of freshwater prawn. All the S. putrefaciens isolates from M rosenbergii were able to produce. H2S and reduce TMAO and exhibited high spoilage potential. The present study suggests that counts of H2S producing bacteria can be a useful indicator of quality deterioration of farm reared M. rosenbergii.
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    Length-Weight Relationship of Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal) Inhabiting the Continental Slopes Beyond 300m Depth Along the West Coast of India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Kurup, B. Madhusoodana; Venu, S
    The length-weight relationship of Priacanthus hamrur inhabiting the continental slopes beyond 300m along the west coast of India was estimated. The length-weight relationship was analyzed using the formulae W= a Lb which was further logarithmically transformed into Ln W=Ln a+b Log L. A total of 295 fishes comprising of 105 females and 190 males with size groups ranging from 196 to 297mm(TL) were used. The length-weight relationship of P. hamrur can be represented by the equations. Females W=0.0097 L305 and Males W=0.025 L2 73. While comparing the 'b' values of male, female and combined P.hamrur, it was understood that there was no significant difference among them. The value of the exponent 'b' computed in the parabolic equation for females did not show much variation for the isometric value of 3 whereas the value of b in males was found to be less indicating a very slight negative allometric growth. This was also reflected on the length-weight relationship of the combined population of P. hamrur.
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    Life History traits of Silver Roughy Hoplostethus ntediterraneus (Cuvier) (Family: Trachichthydae) from the Continental Slope of South West Coast of India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Venu, S; Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
    Distribution, abundance, sex ratio, food and feeding, maturation and spawning and length-weight relationship of Hoplostethus mediterraneus (Cuvier) inhabiting the continental slope of south west coast of India were studied. The data for the present study was collected from the deep sea exploratory fishing surveys conducted onboard FORV Sagar Sampada in the Arabian sea between 7° N latitude and 14° N latitude during 1999 - 2002. H. mediterraneus was found to be distributed in the depth range 280 - 682m. Depth wise distribution was found beyond 300m and at 8° to 10° N, it was found only in the depth zone 301 - 400m. While at 11° to 13° N, its occurrence was registered only beyond 400m. It showed a wider bathymetrical distribution (300 - 682m) in the latitude 10° -110 N. Length related chi square analysis of sex ratio in H. mediterraneus revealed that males skewed in all length groups as well as in all seasons. Spawning season of H. mediterraneus coincided with pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Feeding intensity was found to be very less and found to be feeding on myctophids, Aristeus spp., Heterocarpus spp., squids etc. LWR obtained for the depth zones 301 - 400 m and 401-500 m are Log W = -1.06 + 2.3 Log L and Log W = -0.88 + 2.12 Log L respectively.
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    Microbial quality of post-tsunami seafood of the Visakhapatnam coast
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2006) Rao, B.M.; Gupta, S.S.; Surendran, P.K.
    Forty seafood samples comprising marine fish (28 spp), shrimp (4 spp) and squid (Isp) were collected from Visakhapatnam fishing harbour at regular intervals after the tsunami of 26th December 2004 and analyzed for microbiological and chemical quality. The microbiological and chemical quality of post-tsunami seafood was assessed and compared with pre-tsunami samples. The levels of total plate count (TPC), H2S producing bacteria, total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and peroxide value (PV) was within limits. With regard to indicator bacteria eoliforms, E.coli and coagulase positive Staphylococci the quality of post-tsunami seafood was poor, having levels higher than the maximum permissible limit in majority of the samples. Similar trend was noted in the pre-tsunami and post-tsunami seafood quality. Human pathogens, Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae were not detected in all the post-tsunami seafood samples. The results suggest that no major deviation in the seafood quality occurred during the post-tsunami period
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    Net drag estimate of 18.0 m pelagic trawl calculated twine area in comparison to projected monotype values by model studies
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2006) Vijayan, V.; Baiju, M.V.
    Designing a trawl gear can effectively be accomplished by matching its size to the available horsepower. A simple method of trawl gear estimation at the design stage, utilizing the information available from a net drawing, will immensely ease the designing process without having to wait for the experimental values of net drag. Drag estimation through calculated twine area is attempted with 18.0m semi pelagic trawl and is compared with the total drag of the projected prototype values by I/IS"1 model studies conducted at the ship model testing tank at IIT, Chennai. Method of calculation of twine area in m2 of the different webbings that go into the making of the gear is required to calculate the total twine resistance to enable to optimise the designed net and to optimally utilize the available horse power. Net drag estimation using calculated twine area and the total drag of the prototype arrived at by model studies are calculated and compared.
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    Polymer coated tin free steel cans for thermal processing of fish
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2006) Mallick, A.K.; Srinivasa Gopal, T.K.; Ravishankar, C.N.; Vijayan, P.K.
    Polymer coated Tin-free Steel (TFS) cans suitable for thermal processing of fish are now available in India. However, for successful use in thermal processing, the cans need to meet various performance criteria with respect to physicochemical properties. These cans were extensively tested for its suitability for processing different fish products. In this study, the physico-chemical properties such as sulphur staining test, delamination test, global migration test, air pressure test etc. were studied and the results compared with standards. Different fish products were processed at different Fo values and shelf life was determined by organoleptic test. The result indicates that the TFS cans locally available are suitable for thermal processing of fish and fishery products.
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    Seafood-borne bacterial pathogens
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, India, 2006) Lalitha, K.V.; Thampuran, N.
    The increasing demand for fish and fishery products and the development in international fish trade have raised major concern about the quality and safety of the products internationally traded. The safety of seafood products varies considerably and is influenced by a number of factors such as origin of fish, microbiological ecology of the product, handling and processing practices and preparations before consumption. Worldwide, food poisoning outbreaks have ic%rea sed continuously. Expansion of international trade, consumer demand for "lightly proces d" foods, mass production of foods, and changes in eating habits have all contributed to these food poisoning outbreaks. Seafood may be a vehicle for many bacterial pathogens. These seafood diseases caused by bacterial pathogens or their toxins, are associated with improper food preparation, handling and storage. This paper reviews the present scenario on occurrence of seafood borne pathogens in India and discusses in the light of international data.
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    Storage Behaviour of Washed Mince from Pink Perch (Nemipterus japonicus) at -30oC
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Jeyakumari, A; Rathnakumar, K; Velayutham, P
    The proximate composition of Pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) used in the studywas recorded as protein, 16.22%; fat, 1.3% and ash, 1.7%. The yield of this fish after dressing ie., beheading and evisceration was 76%. The minced meat has a solubility of 91% and no TMA was recorded. Other physico-ejiemical properties also reflected its prime quality. The minced meat was frozen stored at -30oC. During storage up to 120 days ,slight pH increased up to 6%, a-amino nitrogen to 51% and TVB-N to 80%. However there was no significant change (P>0.05) in the FFA and PV during the storage period. Functional properties like solubility, viscosity, Ca2* ATfase activity did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with storage period indicating the quality of minced meat. The study indicateed that storage of minced meat of Pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) at -30oC does not alter the'major protein fractions as indicated by the functional properties and gel forming ability. This was reflected in the over all acceptability of the cooked meat where, appearance and colour of meat did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with storage period
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    Studies on the Ice Storage Characteristics of Octopus, Octopus membranaceus (Quoy and Gaimard)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2006) Venkatappa; Dhananjaya, S
    Quality changes in ice stored octopus (Octopus membranaceus) in different forms viz., whole octopus iced (WOI), dressed octopus iced (DOI) and dressed, packed in polythene bags & iced (DPI) were studied. During storage slight increase in moisture content was noticed in WOI and DOI samples, where as in DPI sample slight decrease was noticed. Crude protein decreased in all the samples. There was not much change in fat and ash content in any of the samples. Significant increase in TVB-N, TMA-N, PV and FFA were noticed in all the samples but the rate of change was more in DPI ch DOI samples. Initial total plate count of octopus was 4.2X104 which increased to 9.93xl05,6.50xl05 and 8.76xl05 cfu/g and Psychrophiles with initial count of 3.45xl03 cfu/g increased to 3.79xl04, l OxWand 2.20x10* in WOI, DOI and DPI samples respectively. There was decrease in nitrogenous compounds such as SSN, WSN and NPN in all the samples. It was found that the whole octopus ice stored was acceptable up to 15 days, where as DOI and DPI were acceptable up to 9 days, but DPI had little bit inferior quality than the DOI. Whole octopus iced showed significantly lower values of quality indices such as PV, FFA, TVB-N, TMA-N, TPC and psychrophilic count, indicating better quality than the DOI & DPI. Significant correlation was observed between changes in biochemical and sensory characteristics