2011

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    Capacity utilization in fish processing industry-a case study of gujarat
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2011) Geethalakshmi, V.; Gopal, N.; Murthy, L.N.
    Consumer demand for fish is increasing globally and the domestic demand of fish in India by the year 2020 is estimated to be 12 million t. Fish importing countries have been imposing stringent quality standards for fish and fishery product exports in the recent years. To meet these standards, huge investments have been made by the fish processing industry by way of additional equipment and infrastructure. Considering the ever profitable global fish trade, many fish processing plants were established with huge freezing capacity in the past few years. Gujarat is an important hub for fish processing in India, contributing 14% to the total seafood exports in terms of dollar value. Using stratified sampling design, around 35 fish processing plants were selected in Gujarat and data were collected on installed capacity and monthwise seafood production from 2006-07 to 2008-09. The results show that there is a gross under utilization of capacity installed for fish processing in Gujarat. The capacity utilization pattern by the Gujarat fish processing sector along with the problems faced and possible remedies are discussed in this communication.
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    Codend Mesh Selectivity of Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli (d' Orbigny, 1848)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2011) Madhu, V.R.; Meenakumari, B.; Panda, S.K.
    The Indian squid, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli (d'Orbigny, 1848) is an important resource exploited bv trawlers along the northwest coast of India. The size selectivity for this species in two tr wl systems viz:semi-pelagic and bottom trawls and in four mesh "sizes (40, 50, 60 and 70 mm) was estimated using covered codend method. The L 251 L50' L,5' selection range, selection factor and selection ratio for each codend were estimated. The L50 values of Uroteuthis (PhotololigoJ duvauceli for the 40 and 60 mm diamond mesh codend attached to the bottom trawl were 7.90 ± 0.16 and 12.02 ± 0.21 em dorsal mantle length (DML) respectively and the selection factors worked out to be 1.98 and 2.00. The L 50 values of Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli for the 50 and 70 mm diamond mesh codend attached to the semi-pelagic trawlnet was 9.38 ± 0.12 and 16.36 ± 0.19 em DML respectively. he selection factors derived were 1.88 and 2.34 respectively for 50 and 60 mm mesh size. In codend mesh sizes of 40 and 50 mm, 65.78 and 80.39% of the individuals caught respectively were below the size at first maturity. In 60 mm mesh size, 40.07% of the individuais was below the size at first maturity while in 70 mm mesh size all the individuals caught were below the length at first maturity.
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    Ecological impact of Chromated copper Arsenate (CCA) Treated Wood for marine applications : A Review
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2011) Edwin, L.; Sreeja, A.
    Wood when used in the aquatic environment has always been susceptible to deterioration by various biotic and abiotic agents. The biodegradability of wood is the major impediment restricting its use in the aquatic environment. Environmental risks associated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA)" treated wood have been studied in detail by many researchers. The conflicting conclusions made by the researchers on the impact of CCA - the most conunonly used wood preservative - on the aquatic biota highlight the relevance of the topic and suggest the need for further studies on quantifying the effect of leachate from the treated wood on different aquatic organisms. In the present conununication, the effect of CCA on target and non-target marine organisms and the movement of the CCA components along the trophic chain and their bioaccumulation in organisms have been revie\ved in detail. Tile toxicity of CCA constituents in the tissues and shells of organisms and the impact on the biodiversity are also discussed. The review on the data available, suggests a need of further studies to prove the exact mode of transfer of the constituents leached and speciation of leachate.
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    Effect of chitin and chitosan on the physicochemical quality of silage Based fish feed
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2011) Zynudheen, A.A.; Ninan, G.; Mannodi, S.B.
    Silage made from the filleting waste of rohu, Labeo rohita was used for the preparation of palletized fish feed. Three sets of feeds were prepared viz., control and two lots incorporated with chitin and chitosan respectively. Chitin and chitosan incorporated feeds were prepared along with the control. The biochemical and physical properties viz., durability, stability, sinking rate and leaching of the feeds were studied. The loss during stacking was found to be minimum in samples incorporated with chitin and chitosan while higher loss was observed in the case of control, indicating that chitin and chitosan have better binding property (p<0.05). The stability of feed was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the case of chitin and chitosan incorporated samples when compared to control indicating that both chitosan and chitin improved the stability when added at 2% level in feed. Pellet durability was also better in chitosan incorporated samples. Incorporation of chitin and chitosan was found to reduce the leaching of the pelletized feed. The control feed showed maximum leaching of protein (5.04 mg lOOg super(-1)) after 15 min in water but in the case of chitosan incorporated feeds leaching of protein for the corresponding period was marginal (0.82 mg 1OOg super(-1)). The feeds contained essential amino acids indicating that high quality fish feed can be prepared from fish waste silage.
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    Effectiveness of spices on the quality and storage stability of freeze-dried fish balls
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2011) Ninan, G.; Zynudheen, A.A.; Regina, M.; Joseph, A.C.
    Five different freeze-dried fish ball samples were prepared from the cooked mince of snapper (Pristipomoides multidens) incorporated with spicesviz., curry leaf (Murraya koenigii S.), mint (Mentha spicata L.), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and a mixture of ginger (Zingiber officianale), garlic (Allium sativum L.) and pepper (Piper nigrum) with known antioxidant properties. The samples were packed and kept in ambient conditions to assess the antioxidant property of the spices and the storage stability. The evaluation of oxidation indices viz., thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid values revealed that there was marked protective effect in samples incorporated with spices during storage. Incorporation of spices retarded the rate of oxidation of PUFAs in the samples. A combination of the spices was found to have an added advantage in terms of their synergistic effect against oxidation and in enhancing the taste. There was a gradual decrease in the antioxidant activity as storage time progressed. The control samples had a shorter shelf life when compared to spices incorporated samples.
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    Extraction and composition of liver oil from triggerfish, batistes spp.
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2011) Thankappan, T.K.; Xavier, K.A.M.
    Numerous species of triggerfish with varied colour patterns are found in and around Indian coastline. Their bright coloured body and rough sandpaper like skin make triggerfish distinctive. In the southwest coast of India, this group of fish are landed in sizable quantity by trawls but fetches very low value (Immanuel et al, 2009). Annual landings of triggerfish in India was 11520 t against the total marine landings of 25 18 305 t (Anon-2007). The fish is edible but has a mild oily taste. The sensory attributes of fish meat are good, but its consumer preference as a food fish is low. At present, there is not much domestic demand for this fish. Fish liver oil is a rich source of poly unsaturated fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins (Kinsella, 1990; Aidos, et al, 2002; Vlieg & Body, 1983; Nair & Gopakumar, 1977). Odonus niger and Sufflamen capistratus, two species of triggerfish were reported as probable sources of fish liver oil (Immanuel et al, 2002, 2009). Under-utilization of this group of fishes for human consumption in the south west coast of India led to this study on exploring the possibility of extraction and characteristization of liver oil from trigger fish Batistes Spp.
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    Marketing of Shrimp through e_HUB in West and East Godavari Districts of Andhra Pradesh: An Aquachoupal Model
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2011) Mahalakshmi, P.; Krishnan, M
    The study shows that the awareness and utilization of aquachoupal model among medium and big farmers are high but small farmers rarely visit the centre due to lack of awareness about the services and activities of choupal. Generating awareness among small farmers about the availability of aquachoupal services is the first step to be considered to increase farmers’ participation in aquachoupal initiatives. Strong interfaces should be developed with shrimp farmers association so that the information is exchanged among the fellow farmers which will check communication and time lag. It is suggested that the farmers are instructed in getting the best possible use of the services provided. User equity from a gender perspective was found to be very low in this model. Efforts should be made to incorporate information modules targeted specifically towards women farmers
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    Nutritional and Protein Quality Studies of Textured Protein Concentrate Prepared from Saurida tumbil
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2011) Sharma, P. J.; Sudhakara, N. S.; . Goswami, U. C.
    The study showed that the increase in weight of rats fed with textured protein concentrate was higher than that fed with milk protein. There was only a marginal decrease in pepsin digestibility and available lysine of textured protein concentrate during six months of storage. Both the parameters were found optimum and similar to that of a balanced protein diet.
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    Optimization of Rice Flour (Oryza sativa) and Chapra (Fenneropenaeus indicus) Extrusion by Response Surface Methodology
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2011) Homchoudhury, M.; Chakraborty, R.; Sarkar, S.; Raychaudhuri, U.
    The greater the expansion, the lower the shearing force, and the shear stress, and the greater the textural sensory acceptability. The optimization of carbohydrate-protein extrudate shows a typical respon surface behaviour where the expansion ratio shows a characteristics linear as well as quadratic pattern with the change of process moisture and process temperature. The optimization process also presents a characteristic surface behaviour of complex food system for expansion ratio, density, shear force, shear stress and texture acceptance of extrudate. This study thus demonstrates that chapra (shrimp) variety can be extruded and used as a high quality protein snack food. In the optimal process, the maximum expansion ratio obtained at 15% moisture and 150oC process temperature coincided with the minimum shear force of the product, and maximum sensory texture acceptance indicating a correlation between extrusion response variables. Response surface study indicated that the desired texture and sensory property could be obtained by controlling cooking temperature and moisture conditio
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    Performance evaluation of bigeye bycatch reduction device in the seas off cochin, india
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2011) Sabu, S.; Gibinkumar, T.R.; Pravin, P.; Boopendranath, M.R.
    Trawling is one of the most non-selective methods of fish capture. Incidental bycatch and discards are serious issues related to trawling, leading to the depletion of the resources and biodiversity. Devices used to reduce bycatch from fishing gear are known as Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs). Bigeye BRD consists of a horizontal slit in the upper part of the codend or hind belly, where the opening is maintained by means of floats and sinkers. Comparative performance evaluation of Bigeye BRDs fixed at two different positions on shrimp trawl codends was conducted off cochin, during 2006-2007. Bigeye BRDs positioned at (i) 0.5 m from the leading edge of the codend (Bigeye-0.5) and (ii) 1.5 m from the distal end of codend (Bigeye-1.5) were constructed on 20 mm diamond mesh codends. Comparative field trials with Bigeye-0.5 and Bigeye-1.5 BRDs in the seas off Cochin have given bycatch exclusion rates ranging from 8 to 11% and shrimp loss ranging from 1 to 2%. Among the two Bigeye BRDs evaluated, Bigeye-1.5 performed comparatively better in terms of bycatch exclusion. Bigeye BRD is simple in design, easy to fabricate and incurs low cost. Considering these advantages, Bigeye BRD positioned at 1.5 m from the distal end of the codend has potential for adoption by the shrimp trawling industry in India to reduce finish bycatch from shrimp trawls.
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    Physico-chemical andt extural properties of gleatins and water gel desserts prepared from the skin of freshwater carps
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2011) Ninan, G.; Zynudheen, A.A.; Joseph, j.
    The physico-chemical properties of fish skin gelatins extracted from cultured freshwater carps viz., rohu, common carp and grass carp, were investigated and compared with commercial food grade mammalian skin gelatins. Water gel desserts prepared from these gelatins were analysed for physical properties and texture profile. Among the fish skin gelatins, grass carp skin gelatin had the highest gel strength of 230 Bloom followed by rohu skin gelatin (188 Bloom) and common carp skin gelatin (181 Bloom). The melting point of fish skin gelatins was in the range of 28.13 - 29.l0°C which was found to be higher than that reported for gelatin from many other species of fish. Carp skin gelatin desserts had significantly lower melting point than the mammalian skin gelatin desserts which can help in better flavour release in dessert preparations. Grass carp skin and bovine skin gelatin desserts had similar gel strength, cohesiveness and springiness. Carp skin gelatin desserts had less off odour compared to mammalian skin gelatin desserts.
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    Quantitative studies on halophilic pathogenic vibrios in fish and fish products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2011) Smitha, N.R.; James, L.; Iyer, T.S.G.; Sanjeev, S.
    One hundred and thirty samples consisting of iced, block frozen and individually quick frozen (IQF) fish and fish products collected from landing centres, markets and fish processing factories situated in and around Cochin were examined for the incidence of halophilic pathogenic vibrios by using MPN method. Halophilic pathogenic vibrios were isolated from 72% of iced samples, 40.4% of block frozen samples and 29.2% of IQF samples. In general, 51.5% of the samples was found to be positive for halophilic pathogenic vibrios. Vibrio cincinnatiensis was found to be the dominant species isolated from different fish and fish products (incidence 30%, load varied from <1- 930 MPN g super(-1)) followed by V. alginolyticus (25.4%, <11-360 MPN g super(-1)), V. vulnificus (16.9%, <1- 530 MPN g super(-1)), V. pamhaemolyticus (8.5%, <1-9.1 MPN g super(-1)), V. metschnikovii (4.6%, <1-30 MPN g super(-1)), V. furnissii (2.3%, <1-30 MPN g super(-1)), V. fluvialis (0.8%, <1 MPN g super(-1)) and V. damsela (0.8%, <1- 3.6 MPN g super(-1)). IQF samples showed the lowest incidence of halophilic pathogenic vibrios. Considering the seafood export potential of India, incidence of halophilic pathogenic vibrios in fish and fish products is a matter of serious concern.
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    Status of Exploited Fishery Resources of Azhikode Estuary, Kerala, India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2011) Harikrishnan, M.; Vipin, P.M.; Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
    The exploited fishery resources in Azhikode estuary have been quantified as 360.02 t and 424.80 t during 2005-06 and 2006-2007, respectively, with a mean annual catch of 392.2 t. Finfishes accounted for 47% of total landings, followed by molluscs (32%) and crustaceans (21%). Thirty finfish species belonging to 18 families, 6 species of penaeid shrimps, 2 species of palaemonid prawns, 2 species of crabs and 4 species of bivalves contributed to the exploited fishery. Catfishes, mullets, Gerres spp., pearlspots and snappers were the major groups of finfish species while Metapenaeus dobsoni and Fenneropenaeus indicus formed the bulk of shrimp landings. Scylla serrata represented the bulk of crab landings of 8-12 t. The catch of Villorita cyprinoides from the estuary has been estimated to be between 120 and 135 t. Highest landings were observed during pre-monsoon period in both years (55.32-63.78%), followed by postmonsoon (27.63-25.76%) and the lowest was during monsoon (17.06-10.46%). More than 50% of fish catch in the estuary was contributed by fixed engines such as Chinese dip nets and stake nets. Finfishes accounted for the highest production per ha during both the years (0.68-0.83 t ha-1yr-1) followed by clams (0.45-0.56 t ha-1yr-1) and shrimps and prawns (0.27- 0.34 t ha-1yr-1). Fish production in the estuary showed a steady increase from monsoon to pre monsoon and majority of species supporting lucrative fishery in the estuary showed maximum occurrence during high saline months
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    Taurine supplementation reduces the oxidative stress associated with galactosamine - induced fulminant hepatic failure in rats
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2011) Asha, K.K.; Devadasan, K.
    The hepatoprotective effect of taurine on galactosamine (GalN)-induced hepatitis, an experimental model for fulminant hepatic failure was studied in Wistar strain male rats. Among the four groups of rats taken for the study, group one served as the control, group two rats were administered with taurine, group three rats were injected intraperitoneally with GalN to induce hepatitis and group four rats were administered with taurine prior to induction of hepatitis. The parameters studied were (i) the concentration of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH); (ii) levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); (iii) the levels of hepatic antiperoxidative enzymes; (iv) the concentration of liver specific enzymes in serum; and (v) substantiating the biochemical findings by histopathological evidence. Both taurine administered and control rats showed similar values for all the parameters studied, indicating that taurine does not have any undesirable effect. A significant (p < 0.001) increase in the levels of enzymes in serum, and levels of TBARS in liver and decrease in the concentration of GSH and antiperoxidative enzymes in liver were observed in GalN-intoxicated rats. Prior treatment with taurine had negated the adverse effects of GalN-induced hepatitis as evidenced by decline in enzyme levels in serum and hepatic TBARS and the restoration of levels of GSH and antiperoxidative enzymes in liver. Liver histopathology shows that prior treatment with taurine protects liver from extensive hepatocellular necrosis caused by GalN intoxication. The present study revealed that administration of taurine reduces oxidative stress in hepatitis-induced rats, attenuates hepatic lipid peroxidation and protects GSH levels.
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    Toxic effects of methyl parathion on antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater fish, labeo rohita
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2011) Sivaperumal, P.; Sankar, T.V.
    The lethal concentration (LC sub(50)) of methyl parathion and its effect on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme systems are elucidated in Labeo rohita of size 75 plus or minus 6 g at 96 h exposure. The probit analysis showed that the lethal concentration (LC sub(50)) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 15.5, 12.3, 11.4 and 10.2 mg I super(1) respectively. Besides lipid peroxides (LPO), the toxicity effect was followed from the activities of liver antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione S- transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18). The effect of methyl parathion on tissue glutathione content and the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activities were also studied. The LPO level and GST activity increased five folds and two folds respectively on exposure to methyl parathion at 10.2 mg I super(4). The SOD activity increased by seven fold compared to control. AChE activity was inhibited by 74% at a concentration of 1.8 mg l super(-1) and 90% at 5.4 mg l super(-1) signifying the effect of methyl parathion on the nervous system of fish. The study indicate that changes in antioxidant enzymes and decrease in the AChE activity can be used as biomarkers for monitoring toxicity due to methyl parathion exposure in aquatic organisms like fish.