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A Participatory Assessment of Entrepreneurial Skills among Women in Small-Scale Fisheries
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2021) Gopal, Nikita; J, Charles Jeeva
Women in small-scale fisheries shoulder the responsibilities of both household and financial management. Further, the realization that fishing alone cannot support the family due to highly fluctuating earnings in marine fisheries has necessitated women to adopt other enterprises. Post harvest activities like fish handling, processing and marketing continue to be traditionally women centric in coastal areas. In most cases, the volume of business is very small and so is the income generated through these. This paper aims at assessing entrepreneurial skills of fisherwomen in managing microenterprises, using a participatory tool viz., ‘H form’ method. A sample of 240 fisherwomen representing 24 self help groups (SHGs) from eight fishing villages in Kollam, Ernakulam, Thrissur and Kannur districts in Kerala were selected for this study. The overall entrepreneurship index was 65.22 (±10.15). Out of the 34 parameters assessed for the entrepreneurial skills for managing the micro-enterprises, it could be found that the extent of entrepreneurial skills possessed by them were good with reference to several parameters identified including enthusiasm, economic motivation, planning, time management, organizing, achievement motivation etc. Interventions policy through financial institutions, market support, physical infrastructure, access to information and customized capacity building measures to disseminate desired knowledge would be effective in successful management of microenterprises.
Adoption of good management practices by aquafarmers
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2009) Jeeva, J.C.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Srinath, K.
The study was conducted among the aquafarmers in four selected districts viz., Trichur, Alleppey, Ernakulam and Kannur in Kerala. Data were collected on the extent of adoption of good management practices among the sample respondents. Of the 10 practices evaluated, the adoption scores were higher for six practices viz., preparation of ponds (93.15%), eradication of predators and weeds (85.39%), use of PCR tested seeds (84.47%), use of recommended feeding schedule (77.63%), water exchange and quality monitoring (71.69%) and harvesting after prescribed days of culture (70.32%). The extent of adoption of each practice varied significantly (p < 0.01) among the aquafarmers with the overall mean adoption score of 70.09% (n=73). The variables viz., number of training programmes undergone, number of information sources utilized and expert services availed, were found to have positive relationship with the extent of adoption. Regression analysis revealed that of the seven variables, only one variable viz., number of training programmes undergone had contributed significantly (p < 0.05) towards the extent of adoption of improved practices.
Adoption of hygienic practices at fish landing centres and markets
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2009)
The study was conducted at the fish landing centres in selected four districts of Kerala viz., Trichur, Alleppey, Ernakulam and Kannur, and the fish markets in Ernakulam district. In the case of landing centres, of the six practices evaluated among the fishermen, the adoption score was higher for only one practice viz., use of clean containers for fish handling (81.03%). Low level of adoption was observed on two practices viz., use of adequate clean water for washing fish (39.49%) and prompt system of waste disposal (40.00%). The overall adoption index was 54.96%. The 'F' test results revealed that the extent of adoption varied significantly among the fishermen in the four districts. The perception index for the impact of popularization efforts undertaken among fishermen was 55.26%. The R super(2) value indicated that all the variables put together served as a cause of 71.60% variation in the adoption level. In case of fish markets, the overall index for the availability of infrastructural facilities was 79.74%. The fish marketing personnel were well aware of all the seven hygienic practices studied, with the overall awareness index of 93.60%. Of the six hygienic practices measured, practices such as the use of clean containers or polythene sheets for keeping fish (89.55%), using adequate clean water for washing (98.51%), sorting of fish hygienically in a clean place (84.33%), using adequate ice for preventing fish spoilage (98.51%) and maintaining personal cleanliness and handling of the fish hygienically (94.78%), were adopted by majority of the respondents. Lower adoption was observed in the case of using prompt methods of waste disposal (68.66%). The regression analyses revealed that education positively influenced the extent of adoption among the fish marketing personnel.
Adoption of quality management practices in seafood processing sector in cochin region
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Balasubramaniam, S.; Jeeva, J.C.; Ashaletha, S.
The study was conducted in 34 fish processing units in Ernakulam and Alleppey districts of Kerala, India. Data were collected on the general profile of the seafood processing units, availability of infrastructural facilities and managerial role performance of fish processors. The results revealed that 76.47% of the units were EU approved and 23.53% were Non-EU units. The average quantity handled per day was 11.12 t while the production capacity was 21.51 t day super(-1). For the availability of infrastructural facilities in the processing units, the adequacy index was more than 90. The overall role performance index of the fish processors was found to be 74.46. The adoption of quality management practices was determined in terms of good hygienic practices (Mean: 99.51%), good manufacturing practices (Mean: 97.65%), standard sanitation operation procedures (Mean: 99.08%) and good laboratory practices (Mean: 96.33%). The significant 'F' value in the multiple regression analysis revealed the overall significance of influence of 14 independent variables when taken together in explaining the extent of adoption of good hygienic practices by the fish processing units. Of the fourteen variables, only type of approval and adequacy of infrastructural availability in the processing units positively contributed towards the extent of adoption of quality management practices. The R super(2) value indicated that the 14 variables selected together explained 67.70% of variation in the adoption level. The major constraints expressed by the processors were also listed out.
Analysis of indian shrimp exports and its prices in major international markets
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2010) Geethalakshmi, V.; Gopal, N.; Unnithan, G.R.
Huge quantities of shrimp are produced in developing countries for export to Japan, United States, and Western Europe. Shrimp is one of the major seafood export product from India and the country is the 4 super(th) largest exporter of shrimp in Asia with a 2.43% share in the 50 billion dollar world seafood market. This paper discusses the trend in shrimp export prices in the major markets viz., Japan, USA and the EU countries. The competitiveness of Indian shrimp exports to the US market was studied and it was found that the country's relative competitiveness was less compared to its competing countries. An analysis of prices of frozen shrimp exports from India to the major international markets is also presented.
Analysis of socio-economic variables and impact of tsunami among the mechanized boat operators in tamilnadu
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2012) Jeeva, J.C.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Ashaletha, S.; Jeyanthi, P.
The post-Tsunami fisheries scenario and socioeconomic conditions among the mechanized boat operators in Tamilnadu, India were studied. The data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 60 mechanized boat operators from Cuddalore and Nagapattinam districts (30 per district) in Tamilnadu, India. The average fishing days in a year was 217 and 213 for Cuddalore and Nagapattinam respectively. The average investment on fishing unit was Rs 15.50 and Rs 16.38 lakhs respectively in both the centres. Almost all the respondents in both the districts reported no change in various parameters viz., demand for fish, price of fish, change in the taste or quality of fish, urbanization/migration and changes in health, sanitation, nutritional status and outbreak of any disease after Tsunami. Increased fishing pressure, introduction of steel trawlers, ring seine operation, large mesh trawls, double-rig trawling, single-day to multi-day fishing, larger boats and usage of electronic instruments were found to be the major changes in the post-Tsunami period. Significant changes could be observed in the present value of craft and gear, investment and indebtedness in the pre and post-Tsunami periods. Majority of the respondents in both the study areas expressed satisfaction with the adequacy of mitigation measures such as supply/replacement/repair of fishing devices, technological assistance, credit facilities, health and hygiene.
An analysis of the contribution of fisheries to the economic development of kerala
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2007) Geethalakshmi, V.; Gopal, N.; Nair, V.R.; Unnithan, G.R.
Fisheries has been a traditional enterprise in Kerala with a contribution of 1.95% to the NSDP during 2003-04. The state has built an impressive infrastructure both in fish and fish processing sector The sector provides employment to more than one million people either directly or indirectly. This article outlines the impact of fisheries on the development of economy of the state and suggests measures to achieve the targets to ensure a viable fisheries sector.
Antidumping investigations on shrimp exports from India to US - a case study
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2009) Gopal, N.; Geethalakshmi, V.; Unnithan, G.R.
The anti-dumping investigation against India and five other major shrimp exporting countries by the US was initiated in December 2003. This paper examines the impact on the quantity and value of shrimp imports from these countries in general and India in particular, during the period of investigation and after. It was observed that there has been a negative impact on Indian shrimp exporters and the number of exporters has decreased considerably. The effect on the price in the US market has been negligible with the unit value of imports actually falling. Only a short-term rise in price index was observed during the initial phase of the investigation period as well as the period when the affirmative decision was announced.
Assessment of group dynamics among fisherwomen self help groups: a participatory monitoring approach
(Global Communication Research Association, 2010) Gopal, N.; Jeeva, J.C.; Parvathy, R.; Nasser, M.
Self Help Groups can be used as an important medium for the implementation of development programmes. The formation of the group is usually facilitated by the implementing agencies. It can be a spontaneous or a purposive exercise. However, the cohesiveness of a group and its internal dynamics is important for successful implementation of planned initiatives. As part of the National Agricultural Innovation Project being operated by Central Institute of Fisheries Technology in the small pelagics sector in Cochin, Kerala, fisherwomen were organized into self help groups (post harvest activity clusters). The exercise was a planned one and the final group formation purposive. After the formation of groups, the group dynamics was assessed using H-form, a participatory monitoring approach. The relationship between the socio-economic variables and group dynamics was also examined. This paper presents the results of the assessment.
Assessment of population parameters of Indian major carps and common carp in a culture based reservoir
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2011) Palaniswamy, R.; Manoharan, S.; Geethalakshmi, V.
Length frequency data of fin clipped Indian major carps and common carp stocked in Thirumoorthy Reservoir (388 ha at full rreservoir level), Tamil Nadu were analysed by using ELEFAN to estimate the von Bertalanffy growth parameters and mortality rates. The high values of growth coefficient (K > 0.845) and asymptotic length (L proportional to > 567.5 mm) estimated for these fishes indicated the effectiveness of the stocking density at the rate of 395 no. /ha in this culture based fisheries system. The lower natural mortality rate describes the higher survival rate of advanced fingerlings of >100 mm size. Based on the recapture rate of stocked fishes, the strategies for optimum stocking to be adopted in the reservoir have been analysed.
Attitude of Stakeholders Towards IARI-Post Office Linkage Extension Model
(Indian Society of Extension Education, 2021) Sahoo, Alok Kumar; Roy, Burman R; V., Lenin; V.K., Sajesh; Sarkar, Sujit
Agricultural extension eventually evolves to cater a diverse need of a large number of farmers in India. Complementing and supplementing public extension system, IARI-Post Office Linkage Extension Model initiated as an alternate extension approach during 2009 in collaboration with KVKs for transfer of improved critical inputs (crop varieties) to the remote rural farmers. To capture the subjective pattern of preference towards the model and to express their qualitative preference in quantitative way attitude was measured towards the model. Out of the sample beneficiaries, most of the farmers of Sitapur (Mean Score = 4.17) and Buxar (Mean Score = 4.03) expressed favourable attitude towards seeds quality. Majority expressed favourable attitude towards seed sources credibility than other sources, interaction with fellow farmers, willingness to pay the seed and postage cost, and willingness for model continuity. Around one-tenth of farmers had neutral attitude as they were more cosmopolite having more exposure, contact with other extension agencies. Some beneficiaries expressed negative attitude due to less seeds availability, lack of clarity in regular seed supply to the same person by the model. There should be regular sensitization by ICAR-IARI, KVK to the Branch Post Masters and fellow farmers for understanding the concept of model and execution of the same to make it sustainable. Branch Post Masters and KVK scientists’ highly favourable attitude could further expand and replicate the model in different locations by different ICAR organizations.
Attitudinal model constructs towards alternate livelihood avocations among women in fisheries enterprises – a case study in Ernakulam District Kerala
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, 2014) Hassan, F.; Jeeva, J.C.; Prathap, S.K.; Mathew, S.; Remya Babu, M.
Involvement of women in productive activities is a very important strategy for poverty alleviation in the society and for the overall empowerment of women. Presently, participation of women in fisheries related livelihood options is limited but there exists enormous potential for enhancing their participation. However, the attitude of women in self help groups (SHG) to initiate the entrepreneurial activity by investing their savings corpus or institutional finance utilising labour resources from among themselves is important. Location-specific and need-based training programmes for fisherwomen can enhance their level of awareness and technical know-how to start gainful employment ventures. These ventures can be taken up by fisherwomen SHGs taking advantage of participatory action to ensure earnings and sustainability. Micro-enterprises by women should not be seen only as a means for economic empowerment, but also can prove to be an important tool for social and political empowerment. In this context, a study was conducted in Moothakunnam Village in Vadakkekkara Panchayat of Ernakulam District, Kerala to assess the attitude of women SHG groups to take up entrepreneurial activities. It was found that women in groups were found to have a positive attitude towards establishing micro-enterprises to enhance their livelihood options by utilising leisure time and locally available resources.
Capacity utilization in fish processing industry-a case study of gujarat
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2011) Geethalakshmi, V.; Gopal, N.; Murthy, L.N.
Consumer demand for fish is increasing globally and the domestic demand of fish in India by the year 2020 is estimated to be 12 million t. Fish importing countries have been imposing stringent quality standards for fish and fishery product exports in the recent years. To meet these standards, huge investments have been made by the fish processing industry by way of additional equipment and infrastructure. Considering the ever profitable global fish trade, many fish processing plants were established with huge freezing capacity in the past few years. Gujarat is an important hub for fish processing in India, contributing 14% to the total seafood exports in terms of dollar value. Using stratified sampling design, around 35 fish processing plants were selected in Gujarat and data were collected on installed capacity and monthwise seafood production from 2006-07 to 2008-09. The results show that there is a gross under utilization of capacity installed for fish processing in Gujarat. The capacity utilization pattern by the Gujarat fish processing sector along with the problems faced and possible remedies are discussed in this communication.
Capacity utilization in the fish processing plants in kerala
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1998) Unnithan, G.R.; Nair, A.K.K.; Iyer, H.K.; Annamalai, V.
The production and capacity utilization in the fish processing plants in Kerala was estimated using a stratified random sampling procedure. The capacity utilization for the year 1996 was estimated to be 15% based on 365 working days with three shifts per day. The seasonal production and capacity utilization indicate that trawl ban adversely affected the processing industry during June, July months (about 10.6% utilization) whereas the utilization increased substantially during post ban period of squids, cuttlefish and other diversified products. The main reason for the low capacity utilization was that the availability of raw material was not commensurate with existing installed capacity in the fish processing sector in the State.
Communication behaviour of traditional fishermen
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1993) Balasubramaniam, S.; Mohan, B.; Kandoran, M.K.
This paper analyses the communication behaviour of traditional fishermen operating motorised and non-motorised crafts. The results revealed that among the 12 independent variables, technological gap variable had negative correlation with the communication behaviour of fishermen operating motorised crafts. For the fishermen operating nonmotorised crafts, information need had positive correlation and the variable experience had significant positive influence on their communication behaviour. Further, the results revealed the socio-personal and technological characteristics of fishermen who had low and high communication behaviour scores.
Comparative economic performance of traditional and modernised fishmeal units in Veraval, Gujarat
(2017) Chandrasekar, V.; Jeyanthi, P.; Gopal, N.
Fish meal is an important feed ingredient produced from trash and low value fishes and is widely used in the poultry, aquafeed and agricultural sector. In addition to traditional sun dried product, modern fish meal is produced by modern fish meal plants. This paper presents a comparison of economic performance of fish meal units adopting the traditional and modern methods of fish meal production in Veraval, Gujarat. The study was conducted among 12 fish meal plants operating in Veraval. In the traditional method, the raw material is sourced from and nearby places within the state which is sun dried and then ground to produce fish meal. In modern fish meal units, through a mechanised production line, raw fish is steam-cooked, dried and finally ground to produce fish meal. Quality of the fish meal produced in the modernised units was found to be superior as compared to traditional fish meal. While sun dried fish meal fetches `20-30 kg-1, the fish meal produced in modern units is sold at `50-70 kg-1. Even though the initial investment and operational cost, which includes raw material, labour and other overheads is more in the modern method, the price realisation is almost double per unit of the product and the quality of the fish meal is also better than the traditionally produced one. The benefit cost ratio and net present value for modern method was also estimated to be higher.
Comparative fishing ability and economic of mechanised trawlers operating along the kerala coast
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1968) Iyer, H.K.; Rajendran, R.; Choudhury, R.L.R.
This study was undertaken with a view to finding out the comparative fishing ability and economic performance of different fishing vessel sizes 9.15 m (30'), 9.76 m (32') and 10 .97 m (36') designed by the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology and operating along the Kerala coast . Data were collected from selected vessels of these sizes for four consecutive fishing seasons from 1964-65 to 1967-68 . The catch f unit effort and total effort per year for the 10 .97 m (36') vessels were much better than those for the 9.76m (32') vessels . The yearly landings and the crew remuneration for the former were about twice those of the 9 .76 m (32') vessels. The economic efficiency of the 10 .97 m (36') vessels was also much better . The decline in landings per year in both size groups was more due to the reduction in the effort per year than the decline in catch I unit effort .
Control charts: an application in shrimp canning
(Society of fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1971) Rao, K.K.
A control chart is a statistical tool which can be employed to assess the situation at any given time in a process. A commonly used chart is the X-R chart and it can be applied for measurable characteristics of food processes such as appearance, size and chemical properties. In this article, the setting up of a variable control chart for the filling of cans in a shrimp canning factory is described. The chart consists of 2 parts, one (X) represents the average wt. of sampled cans and the other (R) the variability in the sample. The setting up of preliminary control limits and the maintenance procedure for the control chart are discussed in mathematical terms. Data on the filled wt. of shrimps are used to explain control chart calculations.
Control of drained weights in frozen prawns
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 1971) Rao, K.K.
In frozen prawns similar correlations are observed among the different variables which are of interest in controlling drained weight through adoption of SQC charts for grose weights,which does not involve destruction of the product. The present note deals with this aspect of frozen prawns.
Decision making behaviour of traditional fishermen in relation to the adoption of improved fishery technologies
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1992) Balasubramaniam, S.; Kandoran, M.K.; Mohan, B.
This study investigates the decision-making behaviour of traditional fishermen in relation to the adoption of improved fishery technologies. Out of eight quantitative variables studied, education and number of crew members had significant and positive correlation with their overall decision making behaviour. In the multiple regression analysis, the R super(2) value was 0.2718 and non-significant. Further, the inter-personal sources played a crucial role in the decision-making process of fishermen.

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