Biochemistry & Nutrition

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Amino Acid Composition of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Mohanty, B.; Mahanty, A.; Ganguly, S.; Sankar, T.V.; Chakraborty, K.; Anandan, R.; Paul, B.N.; Sarma, D.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Behera, B.K.; Aftabuddin, Md.; Debnath, D.; Vijayagopal, P.; Sridhar, N.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sahi, N.; Mitra, T.; Banerjee, S.; Paria, P.; Das, D.; Das, Pushpita; Vijayan, K.K.; Laxmanan, K.K.; Sharma, A.P.
Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and plays important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine.The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs.
Anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats
(Pharma Intelligence, 2015) Louis, T.; Yuvaraj, P.; Madhavachandran, V.; Anandan, R.
To evaluate the anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of Ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Different extracts (hexane, ethanol and water, 50 mg/kg) of A. malabarica stem bark were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days and blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats were monitored at one week intervals. Lipid profiles of the treated diabetic rats were determined after the period of treatment. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats in 21 days treatment. The ethanol extract showed a comparable action with the reference drug, glibenclamide. The ethanol extract exerted a significant reduction in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and phospholipids, and increase in HDL levels of the diabetic rats. However, water and hexane extract of A. malabarica stem bark did not show any such beneficial effects. . These results suggest that the ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark possesses anti diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and this justifies its usage in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.
Anti-viral properties of carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide derived from marine red algae against Covid 19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection- Future prospective
(IJSEAS, 2021) P, Amruth; P., Akshay; Jacob M., Rosemol; Anandan, R.; Mathew, Suseela
The novel coronavirus (nCoV) disease COVID-19, triggered by SARS-CoV-2 is a major threat caused to the public health in the 21th century. Combating the same is a herculean challenge for the scientific world. This is represented as the third corona virus outbreak in preceding 20 years, followed by SARS (2002- 2003) and MERS (2012). However, there is no clinically effective drugs against COVID-19 virus infection. For International medical community, development of effective drugs to avoid and cure a viral attack is an urgent requisite during this time. As a consequence, we have piloted an organised review presenting the anti-viral prospective of carrageenan, a sulphated galactan derived from red seaweed. Sulphated polysaccharides are demonstrated as potential antiviral that can intrude the initial stages of viral infections, have wide prospects in anti-corona virus applications. Carrageenan and its oligosaccharides are well reported for its anti-viral properties; chiefly via the obstruction of the attachment stage of virus. The current review presents the survey of antiviral prospective of carrageenan and aims to provide new approach to researchers for exploring seaweed polysaccharides to develop effective therapy against strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Springer-Verlag, 2010) Ganesan, B.; Buddhan, S.; Anandan, R.; Sivakumar, R.; Anbinezhilan, R.
We investigated the antioxidant preventive effect of betaine on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats. Isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction was manifested by a moderate elevation in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) and homocysteine in plasma of experimental rats. Significant rise in the level of lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decline in the levels of myocardial non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was also observed. Oral pretreatment with betaine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced alterations in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes and homocysteine in plasma of experimental groups of rats. It counteracted the isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the myocardial antioxidant defense system at near normal. Histopathological observations also confirmed the protective effect of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The results of the present investigation indicate that the protective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to strengthen the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property.
Antioxidant potential of water hyacinth (eichornia crassipes): In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic composition
(Taylor & Francis, 2013) Surendraraj, A.; Farvin, K.H.S.; Anandan, R.
The aims of the present study were (a) to extract and quantify the main phenolic acids and tocopherols from the petiole, leaves, and flowers of Eichornia crassipes; (b) to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the extracts in four in vitro systems (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging ability, iron chelating activity, reducing power, and prevention of oxidation in a liposome model system); and (c) its effectiveness in retarding lipid peroxidation in fish oil by accelerated stability test. Significant differences were observed in total and individual phenolic contents and in the antioxidant activities of extracts from the various parts of E. crassipes. Out of the 11 phenolic acids analyzed, ethanolic extracts contained high amounts of gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas, water extracts contained less amounts of a varied number of phenolic acids. Ethanolic extracts of flower, which contained the highest total phenolic content, were found to have high DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. However, ethanolic extracts of leaf exerted a high Fe2+ chelating activity and also inhibited lipid peroxidation process both in liposomes and fish oil. Our results demonstrate that E. crassipes, an underutilized aquatic weed, could be a potential natural antioxidant source for food, feed, and pharmaceutical applications.
Antioxidant, functional properties and amino acid composition of pepsin-derived protein hydrolysates from whole tilapia waste as influenced by pre-processing ice storage
(2017) Tejpal, C.S.; Vijayagopal, P.; Elavarasan, K.; Linga Prabhu, D.; Lekshmi, R.G.K.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Mathew, S.
Application of collagen and collagen peptides in human nutrition: a review
(ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 2016) Vijayan, D.K.; Sreerekha, P.R.; Jayarani, R.; Vimaladevi, S.; Navaneethan, R.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Mathew, S.; Mohanty, B.P.; Anandan, R.
Authentication of two bio-active fish oils by qualitative lipid profiling using semi-targeted approach: an exploratory study
(2020) Chatterjee, N.S.; Singh, A.; Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Kumar, K.A.; Mathew, S.
Authentication of Two Bio-Active Fish Oils by Qualitative Lipid Profiling Using Semi-Targeted Approach: An Exploratory Study
(Journal of AOAC International, 2020) S. Chatterjee, Niladri; Singh, Akanksha; Vishnu, K .V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Ashok Kumar, K.; Mathew, Suseela
Background: Fish oils, which are rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have emerged as promising functional foods in the global health and wellness food market. Their source regarding the fish type, season, and location of harvesting might influence the nutritional value of such bioactive oils and determine their market price. The differences in price among such oils often lead to economically motivated mislabeling and adulteration. Objective: In this study, our objective was to demonstrate how a qualitative targeted shotgun lipid profile workflow using an electrospray ionization-quadrupole-linear ion trap MS (QTrap) could differentiate fish oils originating from two different species. Methods: Five samples each of sardine (Sardinella longiceps) oil and shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were diluted to a concentration of 80 µg/mL in chloroform-methanol (1 + 2, v/v) with 5 mM ammonium acetate. These samples were directly infused into a QTrap MS. The data were acquired for 23 precursor ion and 4 neutral loss scan experiments in the positive ionization mode and compared. Results: We identified the following major lipid classes: cholesteryl ester, diacyl glycerol, triacylglycerol, monoalkyldiacylglycerol, and phophatydyl choline. The relative peak areas of the identified lipid species, when subjected to supervised multivariate analysis, could effectively distinguish the sardine oil and shark liver oil. Conclusions: The approach will be useful in establishing authenticity of fish oil and to support the regulatory agencies in dispute resolution. It can also be extended to establish authenticity in other agricultural and food commodities. Highlights: This paper reports a proof of concept for authenticating PUFA-rich fish supplements. A shotgun targeted lipidomics profile and chemometrics modeling successfully discriminated sardine oil and shark liver oil.
Biochemical and histopathological studies on lead nitrate induced toxicity in fresh water fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)
(Pelagia Research Library, 2015) Mary, S.C.H.; Bhuvaneswari, D.; Anandan, R.
Fish species were recently suggested as environmental biomarkers. Measuring heavy metals in aquatic organisms may be a bioindicators of their impact on organisms and ecosystem health. From bioaccumulation studies, the proportion of lead was found to be significantly higher in different tissues of fish. In the present study the acute toxicity of lead nitrate was analyzed by the exposure of the lead nitrate to the fresh water fish Grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) at the time interval of 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 96hrs in the concentration of (5.15 mg/l). The vital organs like Gill, Liver, and muscle tissues showed pronounced effect on the activity of enzymes GOT (Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), GPT (Glutamate pyruvate transaminase) ALP, and Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The antioxidant activity was also evaluated. A significant decreased in the activity of enzymes GOT, GPT, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) was noted. The enzymes ALP and ACP levels were found to be increased in all the tissues. Histopathological examination of liver, gill and muscle revealed the cellular degeneration, inflammation of the organs due to metal induced free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Biochemical and microbiological characteristics of salt fermented Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2005) Majumdar, R.K.; Basu, S.; Anandan, R.
Lona ilish is a salt fermented product from Hilsa is very popular in Bangladesh and norteastern part of India due to its typical flavour and aroma. Biochemical composition including amino acid profile of both raw hisa fish lona ilish has been studied. A significant variation was observed in amino acid profile of the product as compared to the raw fish. Bacterial flora of the fermented product comprised of Micrococcus and Bacillus species.
Biochemical changes in fish feeds and ingredients during storage
(Society of Fisheries Techonologists (India), 2004) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
The changes in major biochemical components of three fish feeds (1000 Grower 15+, 3000 Grower and 6000 Grower A) and three feed ingredients (Indian fish meal, Danish fish meal and wheat flour) during storage for six months are reported. There was no significant change in total protein content either in fish feeds or their ingredients during the storage period. But a significant reduction in crude fat content was noticed in both feeds and ingredients upon storage. Histamine content! of feeds and their ingredients was found to be increasing till the fourth month of storage. Significant decline in the levels of various amino acids was also observed. Unsaturated fatty acids and most of the saturated fatty acids decreased in stored ingredients. But in feeds only a marginal decrease in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids was observed. The results indicate that storage considerably reduces the nutritive value of the feeds and at the same time produces toxic compounds such as biogenic amines.
Biochemical characterization and bioactivity studies of natural products from marine sources
(ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 2016) Chatterjee, N.S.; Tejpal, C.S.; Kumar, L.R.G.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.
Biochemical Composition and Heavy Metal Content of Selected Marine Fish from the Gulf of Mannar, India
(Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, India, 2015) Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Visnu, K.V.; Remyakumari, K.R.; Navaneethan, R.; Asha, K.K.; Ganesan, B.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Anandan, R.; Suseela Mathew
Biochemical composition of five marine fish; grey bamboo shark, yellow margin trigger fish, paleedged stingray, laced moray and Japanese leatherjacket fish from the Gulf of Mannar, India were evaluated. Moisture, protein, lipid and ash content for the samples ranged between 75.07-76.74, 17.99-20.97, 1-3.5 and 1.46-1.93% respectively. Profiles of heavy metal, fatty acid and amino acid data were also collected. The predominant fatty acids recorded in all five species were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitic acid. All five species contain high content of different essential and non-essential amino acids namely glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, serine and lysine. Significant amount of iron (13-50 ppm), zinc (2.5-10.5 ppm) and copper (0.18-4.03 ppm) were found in all the fishes. Among heavy metals, cadmium (0.05-0.1 ppm) was detected which is below permissible limit.
Biochemical composition and nutritive value of common fish feed ingredients of plant and animal origin
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2003) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
Formulated fish feed has a very important role in the field of intensive fish farming. Therefore it is essential to assess biochemical and nutritional composition of the ingredients used in the manufacture of the feed to formulate a feed according to the nutritional requirements of fish. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the biochemical composition of some of the common feed ingredients, of both plant origin (Commercial wheat flour, Wheat gluten, Wheat bran, Commercial maida, Commercial atta, Maize, Maize bran, Soya flour and Rice flour) and animal origin (Indian fish meal, Danish fish meal, Peruvian fish meal and Shrimp head meal). A greater amount of variation was observed in the moisture content among ingredients ranging from 4.8-12.8%. The total protein content except in the case of wheat gluten ,and soya flour was lower in ingredients from plant sources. The essential amino acid composition was also found to be lower in proteins of plant origin when compared to that of animal proteins. The fatty acid analysis of the feed ingredients showed that the n-3 fatty acids were present in higher concentration in all fishmeals and shrimp head meal as compared to ingredients of plant origin. C sub(16:0), C sub(18:0) and C sub(18:2) were the major fatty acids present in the lipids of the ingredients of plant origin, accounting for more than 80%. In the present study, the notable difference was observed between ingredients of plant and animal origin with respect to the proportion of essential amino acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C sub(20:5) and C sub(22:6)) indicating that ingredients of animal origin were superior in nutritional composition as compared to the ingredients derived from plants.
Biochemical composition and nutritive value of common fish feeds available in cochin area
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2003) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
The biochemical composition of some of the feeds used in aquaculture is reported. Four grower feeds and 19 other locally available feeds were used for the study. Moisture content varied from 6.3-12.4%; and protein content from 22.4 to 46.9% and mineral content varied from 5.3 to 24.2%. Some of the feeds were found to be very low in fat content (1%). Variations in the proportions of the amino acids in the grower feeds were to a limited extent only. But fatty acid analysis showed great variation among greater feeds. C18:3 was not present in any of the samples analyzed. The level of C20:5 was very low in one of the samples and the same feed was with low level of C22:6 (1.7%). The study points out the need for formulating the fish feed on the basis of the nutritional requirements of fish.
Biochemical composition of myctophid species diaphus watasei and myctophum obtusirostre caught from Arabian sea
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2013) Rajamoorthy, K.; Pradeep, K.; Anandan, R.; Libin, B.; Sankar, T.V.; Lakshmanan, P.T.
An attempt was made to evaluate the biochemical composition of myctophid fishes Diaphus watasei and Myctophum obtusirostre collected from Arabian Sea (8°30’50"N - 9°07’50"N lat and 75°49’20"E - 75°58’60"E long). The moisture content in D. watasei was significantly lower (63.19 ± 0.47%) compared to M. obtusirostre (71.32%), while fat content was significantly higher in D. watasei (15.13%) compared to M obtusirostre (3.54%). Protein also comprised significant proportions in these myctophids, contributing 21.40% in D. watasei and 22.64% in M. obtusirostre, with substantial amount of essential amino acids. The foremost amino acid was glutamic acid in both the species. Ash content was significantly higher in M. obtusirostre (3.06%) compared to D. watasei (1.33%). The present study indicates that both species contain good quantity of essential amino acids required for human nutrition.
Biochemical studies on changes associated with enzymes of glucose metabolism in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected penaeus monodon (fabricius)
(Academic Journals, 2007) Mathew, S.; Nair, A.K.K.; Anandan, R.; Nair, P.G.V.; Devadasan, K.
Tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) were infected with white spot virus artificially by intramuscular injection of the virus inoculum. Haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle samples from the infected prawns were analyzed for glucose and enzymes viz aldolase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6- diphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose content reduced to 33% of its original value in 24 h of infection and to 31% in 48 h. Almost 95% loss in activity was observed in the case of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase in hepatopancreas, whereas the reduction in activity in muscle was 67%, after 48 h of infection. Glucose-6-phosphatase showed a reduction of 16 and 13% in hepatopancreas and muscle respectively during 24 h of infection. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased by 300% of original value in hepatopancreas, while in muscle the increase was only 30% of original value during 24 h of infection. No significant change in activity was noted in the case of aldolase. Even at moribund stage, the glycolytic pathway was not affected, as evident from the normal activity of aldolase observed in the present study.
Biochemical studies on the antiulcer effect of glucosamine on antioxidant defense status in experimentally induced peptic ulcer in rats
(The Society of Free radical Research, Japan, 2005) Santhosh, S.; Anandan, R.; Sini, T.K.; Mathew, P.T.; Thankappan, T.K.
The present study examined the antiucler effect of glucosamine on mucosal antioxidant defense system in ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats.The number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice, acid output, peasin activity, lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione conttent and the activities of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase)and antiperoxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase)were determined. Prior oral administration of glucosamine significantly prevented the ibuprofen-induced increases in the number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice and acidity .It also maintained the activity of pepsin at near normal level.Oral pretreatment of glucosamine exerted a significant antioxidant effect by preventing ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation and by maintaining the levelof reduced glutathione and the activities of muscosal antioxidant enzymes at near normalcy.The results of the present investigation indicate that the antiulcer activity of glucosamine is related to its ability to neutralize the hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach and to its antioxidant capability to inhit ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation.
Biochemical studies on the cardioprotective effect of glutamine on tissue antioxidant defense system in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Institute of Applied Biochemistry (Japan), 2007) Kumar, S.H.S.; Anandan, R.
Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms with a central role involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The protective effect of glutamine on myocardial antioxidant defense system was investigated during isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction, an animal model of myocardial infarction of human beings. Levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in heart tissue were determined. Injection of isoprenaline caused significant increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue. A parallel decline in the levels of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and GSH and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes in heart tissue was also observed. Prior oral administration of glutamine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced adverse effects and maintained myocardial antioxidant status at near normal status. The cardioprotective effect of glutamine is probably related to a strengthening of the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action, or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property, or to its ability to maintain near to normal status the activities of free radical scavenging enzymes and the level of GSH, which protect myocardial membrane against oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation.

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