2005

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Bacterial profile of black clam (Villorita cyprinoides) var. cochinensis and Clam harvesting waters from Vembanad lake in Kerala (India)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 2005) Lalitha, K.V.; Surendran, P.K.
The bacterial flora of black clam (Villorita cyprinoides var. cochinensis) and water samples collected from three clam harvesting areas in Vembanad lake (Kerala, India) were studied. Samples were examined for total aerobic mesophilic count, psychrotrophic count, Vibrios and indicator bacteria. The mean mesophilic counts were in the range of 5.0-5.7 log sub(10)cfu ml super(-1) and 5.6-6.4 log sub(10)cfu g super(-1) respectively for water and clam samples. The shellfish collected from Vembanad lake showed faecal contamination at levels which did not conform to legal standards. The densities of enterococci and Clostridium perfringens were higher in clams than in the growing waters indicating bioconcentration of these organisms in clams. The bacterial flora on newly caught clam consisted of a variety of bacteria of which 28% were Gram-positive and 72% were Gram-negative. Vibrio and Aeromonas together formed 46% of the total mesophilic flora. Vibrio species isolated were V. fluvialis, V. furnissi, V. metsclinikovii. Among Aeromonas species, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii biovar. sobria, A. media, A. coviae were isolated. The remaining Gram-negative genera in the flora belonged to Acinetobacte,; Shewanella, Moraxella and Pseudomonas. The Gram-positive flora of clam was constituted by genera Bacillus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, and Arthrobacter. High prevalence of Escherichia coli, faecal Streptococci and C. perfringens in water and clam indicates high degree of faecal pollution of the harvesting areas. The isolation of potentially pathogenic bacteria from clams indicates a risk for health of people consuming and also handling raw seafood.
Harvesting techniques in traditional shrimp culture
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2005) Pravin, P.; Ravindran, K.
Harvesting techniques in traditional shrimp culture are diverse and varied depending upon the requirements of each area. The design, the technical details and operational features of the different harvesting methods prevalent in the traditional shrimp culture in Kerala coast have been studied and described in this paper
Frequency and Expression of Antibiotic Resistance in Luminous Vibrio harveyi
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Abraham, T. Jawahar
In-vitro activities of chloramphenicoi, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and oxytetra-cycline were evaluated against penaeid shrimp larval pathogen, luminous Vibrio liarveyi. The frequency at which three strains of luminous V. harveyi strains can mutate to develop resistance to these antibiotics was also estimated. Resistant mutants developed at lower frequencies to chloramphenicol (<9.43 x lO"10) and ciprofloxacin (<1.14 x lO"10 - 1.61 x lO"9) than to nalidixic acid (6.61 x lO"5 - 8.87 x lO"5) and oxytetracycline (6.82 x lO"6 - 4.74 x lO"4) at 10 times the respective minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Low concentration of antibiotics (5 x MIC and 2 x MIC), however, induced more of mutant strains. Although ciprofloxacin was effective in terms of MIC and induction of low level of mutants, chloramphenicol was more effective in its ability to kill both resistant and sensitive strains of luminous V. harveyi
Selectivity of trawls
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2005) Boopendranath, M.R.; Pravin, P.
Responsible fishing regime requires that fishing gear should preferentially catch the adult fish at a particular age, which would maximize yield while permitting the juveniles and sub-adults to escape and also minimize the catch of non-targeted and protected organisms. In this review, selectivity characteristics of trawls are discussed in the context of their relevance in conservation of fishery resources, development of selective fishing gears and fisheries management. Different methods used for determining trawl selectivity are discussed along with recent developments related to trawl selectivity such as evolution of selective trawls, use of square mesh in trawl construction, and optimum mesh size determination for multispecies trawl fisheries.
Modified atmosphere packaging - A review
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2005) Srinivasa Gopal, T.K.; Ravishankar, C.N.
Shelf life and quality of fresh fish can be extended by the application of modified atmosphere packaging using high barrier packaging film and refrigerated storage. Modified atmosphere with high concentration of C02 inhibits or slows down the growth of various aerobic spoilage bacteria of fish products by extending the lag phase. It provides conditions for the growth of gram positive bacteria and food pathogens within the package. Major quality hazard is the risk of foodborne botulism. This paper reviews the literature relating to the scientific basis of these claims.
Field Study on Corals and Coral Living Organisms in Van Tivu, in the Gulf of Mannar
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Sakthivel, M; Ramathilagam, G; Pushparaj, A
The results of the study on corals in the Van Tivu island in the Gulf of Mannar, are presented. Eighteen species of stony corals were recorded in our study area. Favia, Porites, Acropora, Tubipoira, and Montipora spp., were found to contribute about 80% of the total coral population in Van tivu. The northeast and southwest transects were found to have higher percentage of corals. The molluscs alone contributed about 30% of the total reef fauna. The northeast transect had a good numerical data of molluscs. The vulnerable molluscan species from this area was found to be Sqm spp. Different types of coral reef fishes were present in the Van tivu. The notable ones are Butterfly fishes (Chaetodontidae), Parrot fishes (Scaridae), Clown and Damsel fishes (Pomacentridae) and Lion and Scorpion fishes (Scorpaenidae). Coral reef destruction was found to be caused by bio-eroding organisms. The common bio-eroders observed during our field study were lion fish, butterflies, wrasses, Echinometra mathei (Echinoderm) and Lambis spp. (Gastropods) and Tridacm spp. (Bivalves).
Effect of Coated Vitamin C on the Growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) Juveniles
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Ittoop, Gijo; Sebastian, M.J.; Nair, CM
Experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary vitamin C on growth and food conversion ratio of Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles, to determine the optimum dietary requirement of Vitamin C and to characterize the deficiency syndromes, if any. CVC F-90, a hydrogenated vegetable oil coated form of vitamin C, with 90% available ascorbic acid was used as the vitamin source. Growth and food conversion ratio were found to have significantly improved by incorporating dietary vitamin C. Deficiency syndromes like incomplete moulting and black lesions at the tip of walking legs were noticed below a level of 75 mg CVC F-90 / kg of dry diet. The maximum weight gain of 194.92% was obtained with a dietary level of 150 mg CVC F-90 / kg dry diet. Non-linear regression estimate based on percentage weight gain showed the optimum requirement to be 200.3 mg CVC F-90 / kg dry diet that is equivalent to 182.97 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/kg dry diet.
Fishery and Biology of Deep sea Prawns Landed at the Fishing Harbours of Kerala
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Rajasree, Radhika; Kurup, Madhusoodhana
Deep-sea prawn landings from 10 fisheries harbours of Kerala during September 2000 to April 2001 have been quantified as 48675 t. The deep sea trawl units showed almost a double fold increase during 2001-02. Aristeus alcocki, Heteracarpus gibbosus, Heterocarpus woodmasoni, Parapandalus spinipes and Metapenaeopsis andamanensis, ivere the major species of commercial importance which accounted for major portion of the landings. Species wise catch and catch per effort from various fisheries harbours of Kerala are furnished. Life history traits such as size range and modal size constituting fishery, sex ratio and percentage of berried females in the exploited stock deep-sea prawns are also given
Levels of escherichia in seafood in domestic trade and their antibiotic resistance pattern
(Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 2005) Surendra Raj, A.; Nirmala Thampuran; Surendran, P.K.
Bacteriological quality of fish/shellfish sold in retail outlets in and around Cochin, India was studied. The TPC for the different samples varied from 5.5 to 8.5 log cfu/g. The total Enterobacteriaceae count varied from 2.5 to 6.5 log cfu/g. The lactose fermenters count and total coliforms count varied from 2 to 6 log cfu/g. Seafood samples had Escherichia coli count ranging from 2 to 5.5 log cfu/g. The faecal streptococci count was between 2 to 5 log cfu/ g. The majority of the E.coli isolates showed a Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of more than 0.5, suggesting that they may be from high risk sources. Only a low percentage of samples were acceptable for human consumption as per Indian Standards for market sold fresh fishes. Higher count of microbial indicator organisms confirms possible presence of bacteria of public health significance and demands stringent improvement in handling and sanitary practices in the markets.
Technological Properties and Biochemical Studies of Bonga Ethmalosa fimhriata
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Akande, G.R; Faturoti, E.O
Size measurements, anatomical composition and biochemical evaluations of bonga (Ethynalosa fimhriata) muscle were carried out. The mean values of length and weight recorded for bonga over a period of 2 months were 22.12+1.27 cm and 136.82±13.27 g respectively. Size measurements as shown by length and weight data for the one-year period suggested a positive effect of season on size. The pattern of change in weight throughout the study period was similar to that of change in length and gave a correlation coefficient " r " of 0.82 significant at p<0.05. Anatomical fractionation showed that bonga contained on the average 61.1% trunk, 23.7% head and 16.3% viscera. Total wastes (head and viscera) derived from bonga were 39.9% of the total body weight. The proximate chemical composition analysis showed that the muscle of bonga contained between 74.14% and 77.54% moisture, 1.12-5.69% lipid, 18.73- 21.54% protein and 1.57- 2.14% ash. The chemical composition did not vary significantly except in lipid content where a significant (p<0.05) inverse relationship between moisture and lipid content was observed. Triglycerides accounted for over 5% of lipid in bonga. The major fatty acid component in the lipid of bonga were C 16:0, C 18:0, C 18:1, C 20:4, C 20:5and C 22:6.
Effect of Body Weight on Reproduction and Mobilization of Organic Reserves in Female Sailfin Molly Mollienesia latipinna (Le Sueur)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) James, R; Sampath, K; Karoline, A. Rose Malar
Reproduction and mobilization of nutrients and energy for reproduction were studied in female Mollienesia latipinna as a function of body weight. Total reproduction (TR), reproductive effort (RE) and somatic condition factor (SCF) increased with increase in body weight. Gonad was not developed in the smallest female tested (0.313 g) and gonad weight was highest before parturition (breeding) and it significantly declined after varied parturition. The proximate composition and energy in somatic and gonad tissues varied with increase in body weight of female M. latipinna and if suggests the deposition of nutrients with the advent of the reproductive period. Low level of lipid in soma and high level of lipid in female gonads indicate the mobilization of lipid from soma to gonad to provide nutrients for the development of eggs and fry. Nutrients and energy were more in soma and gonad before parturition and they significantly reduced after parturition. M. latipinna being an ovoviviparous fish, utilized significant amount of nutrients and energy for the development of ova, egg and fry which led to the reduction of energy contents after parturition
Impact of Bottom Trawling on Sediment Texture and Organic Matter Along Inshore Waters of Kerala (South India)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Thomas, Joice V.; Kurup, B. Madhusoodana
Sediment texture and organic matter were analysed before and after trawling in samples collected from 0-50 m depth zone during December 2000-November 2001, along Kerala coast (Long. 75° 56/00 to 76o10' and Lat. 9058' to 10010'). Up to 40 m depth the composition of sand, silt and clay were 0.19 - 15.8%, 35.33 -60.53% and 29.9 - 53.12% respectively. Beyond ' this, sand was dominant (sand 32.6 - 96.15, silt 1.8 - 33.8, clay 2.45- 26.48%). In samples collected before trawling, sand, silt and clay ranged from 4.76 - 87, 45.85-55.71 and 43.18 - 47.38% respectively. In the samples collected after trawling the corresponding values for sand, silt and clay were 21.25 - 35.7, 51.28 -63.92 and 13.03 - 21.6% respectively. Organic carbon in 0-30 m depth zone ranged from 0.229 - 7.68% and it showed highest variations in July especially at depths 0-10 m and 10-20 m with respective values of 4.45 and 4.75% before trawling; while in the after trawling samples it was reduced to 2.21 % and 1.90% respectively. The sand and silt fractions showed a significant increase whereas a drastic reduction in clay fraction was observed especially in 0- 40 m depth zone due to bottom trawling
Acute Toxicity of Pesticide Endosulfan to the Young Ones of the Fish Channa gachua (ham.)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Chandrasekaran, V.S; Bisht, H.C.S; Singh, U.P
Static acute (96 h) bioassays were conducted on the spawn (4.0 mm) and the fry (15.5 mm) of freshwater fish Channa gachua (Ham) and the median lethal toxicity (96 h LC ,) of the pesticide endosulfan on the fish were estimated as 9.0 ppm and 22.0 ppm, respectively. When the fishes were exposed from spawn stage up to a period of 30 days in three sublethal concentrations viz. 0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 TU, there was an overall reduction in growth of the fish. While the reduction of growth was greater (up to 58.9%) at 0.05 TU, it was minimum (11.64%) at the medium sublethal concentration of 0.02 TU at the end of 30 days of experimental tenure
Effects of Different Oil Cakes on the Growth and Survival of Liza parsia (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Sawant, Gauri P.; Singh, H; Sawant, N.H; Shirdhankar, M.M
Fry of mullet Liza parsia were fed with whole poultry egg based flakes diet supplemented with various oil cakes viz. Mustard Oil Cake, Groundnut Oil Cake and Soya Cake. The experiment was conducted with five replicates for 90 d. The maximum length gain, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival recorded was 429.20%, 2140.38%, 3.45% and 86.00% respectively in diet with mustard oil cake. Based on these results. Mustard Oil Cake can be used in feed for better growth and survival for fry of L. parsia
Biochemical and microbiological quality of formic acid silage and lactobacillus fermented silage
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 2005) Babu, U.S.J.; Rao, B.M.; Khasim, D.I.; Nair, K.G.R.
Acid silages (AS) were prepared by mixing formic acid with silver belly (Leiognathus sp.) mince at 2%, 2.5% and 3% (v/w) and fermented silages (FS) were prepared by mixing Lactobacillus plantarum culture with fish mince at 5% (v/w) and molasses at 10% and 12%(v/w). Sodium benzoate was added at 0.5% (w/w) level to FS to inhibit mould growth. pH of 2.5%AS and 3%AS fell below 4.5 within 2 days and stabilized at 4.24 and 4.01, respectively. pH of 2%AS reached a minimum value of 4.68. In 10%FS and 12%FS, the pH dropped to less than 4.5 by the end of l super(st) day indicating good lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum. Crude protein of the silages ranged between 18.22% and 19.17%. Fat was lower in FS(1.0 - 1.14%) than in AS (3.67 - 5.13%) on wet basis. NPN of FS was found to be lower than that in AS which indicates lesser protein breakdown. a-amino nitrogen in FS changed to 21% of TN in 10% FS and 12% FS from an initial concentration of 11% of TN, which was lower than that in AS. PV was lower in AS than in FS. Microbiological quality of AS and FS was found to be good as indicated by the absence of total coliforms, faecal coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae coagulase positive Staphylococci and H sub(2)S producing bacteria. Total yeast mould count was highest in 2% AS (1600/g).
Effect of rotation on the heat penetration of thermally processed tuna (thunnus albacares) in oil in aluminium cans
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2005) Ali, A.A.; Sudhir, D.; Gopal, T.K.S.
Tuna packed in oil medium was processed in aluminium cans to a Fo value of 10. Heat penetration characteristics were determined by processing to a Fo value of 10 in a rotary retort and comparing the results with the values from a stationary retort. Rotation of the cans has an effect on heat penetration in the thermally processed fish products. For studying the changes in heat penetration during rotation, tuna in oil was packed in aluminium cans (301X203) and subjected to different rotational speeds (2 rpm, 4 rpm, and 6 rpm) during thermal processing to the same Fo value of 10 by rotating the cage of the overpressure autoclave. For the same Fo value of 10 although there was a reduction in process time up to 6 rpm, the reduction in process time beyond 2 rpm was less significant.
Pathogenicity, Antibiogram and Biochemical Characteristics of Luminescent Vibrio harveyi, Associated with 'Black Shell Disease' of Penaeus monodon
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Selvin, Joseph
Bacterial isolation was made from shrimps Penaeus monodon showing characteristic external symptoms of 'black shell disease' from shrimp farms located in southeast coast of India. The isolates were screened on TCBS agar plates and 0/129 for the selective isolation of Vibrio sp. Based on the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, the isolate (RJM5) was characterized as luminescent Vibrio fwrveyi. Antibiogram of V. harveyi indicated that it was highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and streptomycin. The pathogenicity studies confirmed that the isolate (V. liarveyi) was moderately virulent
Fuel consumption pattern by the mechanized fishing sector in kerala
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2005) Unnithan, G.R.; Gopal, N.; Nair, V.R.; Nasser, M.
Results of the study on the fuel utilization pattern in the mechanized fishing sector in Kerala, India are presented. Stratified random sampling revealed the fuel consumption of 97204 kL by 3823 crafts, with an expenditure of Rs. 204 crores at the price level of 2002, during which only 55% of the fishing capacity was found utilized. The substantial fuel expenditure calls for optimum fuel utilization measures and appropriate management of fishing operations.
Effect of Isocaloric Diets with Varying Protein Level on Growth and Survival of Post-larvae of Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Cochin, 2005) Kharatmol, B.R; Tripathi, S.D
Post-larvae of Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii (de man) were fed on an isocaloric diet (3100 K.cal DE/Kg) having different levels of protein (27.56, 34.12 and 41.12%) with protein: energy ratio of 88.16, 109.18 and 130.58 mg CP/K. cal respectively. The animals were reared for a period of six weeks under a temperature regime of 13-220C. The highest weight gain, specific growth rate and the best feed conversion ratio recorded were 165.61 mg, 3.35 and 1.69 respectively. The survival rates in ranged between 77.8 and 84%.
Fish productivity and associated factors among fishermen operating FRP crafts
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2005) Balasubramaniam, S.; Ramesan, M.P.; Gopal, N.
The socio-economic variables of artisanal fishermen in Veraval (Gujarat) and Quilon (Kerala) are presented. Variables such as size of craft operated, fishing experience, annual maintenance cost of craft, net and engine, sale value of fish catch obtained per fishing day and annual income did not vary significantly between the fishermen in Veraval and Quilon fishing centers. The results revealed that on an average, the fishermen at Quilon had obtained a fish productivity level of 155kg per fishing day with a value of Rs. 1,794/-. For the fishermen at Veraval center, the fish productivity level was 91.5 kg per fishing day with sale value of Rs. 1,690/-. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the 13 variables taken together had significantly accounted for about 96 per cent of the variation in the fish productivity levels at both centers. The constraints reported by these fishermen operating smaller FRP crafts (8-9 m LOA) were recorded.

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