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Amino Acid Composition of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Mohanty, B.; Mahanty, A.; Ganguly, S.; Sankar, T.V.; Chakraborty, K.; Anandan, R.; Paul, B.N.; Sarma, D.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Behera, B.K.; Aftabuddin, Md.; Debnath, D.; Vijayagopal, P.; Sridhar, N.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sahi, N.; Mitra, T.; Banerjee, S.; Paria, P.; Das, D.; Das, Pushpita; Vijayan, K.K.; Laxmanan, K.K.; Sharma, A.P.
Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and plays important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine.The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs.
Anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats
(Pharma Intelligence, 2015) Louis, T.; Yuvaraj, P.; Madhavachandran, V.; Anandan, R.
To evaluate the anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of Ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Different extracts (hexane, ethanol and water, 50 mg/kg) of A. malabarica stem bark were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days and blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats were monitored at one week intervals. Lipid profiles of the treated diabetic rats were determined after the period of treatment. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats in 21 days treatment. The ethanol extract showed a comparable action with the reference drug, glibenclamide. The ethanol extract exerted a significant reduction in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and phospholipids, and increase in HDL levels of the diabetic rats. However, water and hexane extract of A. malabarica stem bark did not show any such beneficial effects. . These results suggest that the ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark possesses anti diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and this justifies its usage in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.
Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Springer-Verlag, 2010) Ganesan, B.; Buddhan, S.; Anandan, R.; Sivakumar, R.; Anbinezhilan, R.
We investigated the antioxidant preventive effect of betaine on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats. Isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction was manifested by a moderate elevation in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) and homocysteine in plasma of experimental rats. Significant rise in the level of lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decline in the levels of myocardial non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was also observed. Oral pretreatment with betaine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced alterations in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes and homocysteine in plasma of experimental groups of rats. It counteracted the isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the myocardial antioxidant defense system at near normal. Histopathological observations also confirmed the protective effect of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The results of the present investigation indicate that the protective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to strengthen the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property.
Antioxidant potential of water hyacinth (eichornia crassipes): In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic composition
(Taylor & Francis, 2013) Surendraraj, A.; Farvin, K.H.S.; Anandan, R.
The aims of the present study were (a) to extract and quantify the main phenolic acids and tocopherols from the petiole, leaves, and flowers of Eichornia crassipes; (b) to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the extracts in four in vitro systems (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging ability, iron chelating activity, reducing power, and prevention of oxidation in a liposome model system); and (c) its effectiveness in retarding lipid peroxidation in fish oil by accelerated stability test. Significant differences were observed in total and individual phenolic contents and in the antioxidant activities of extracts from the various parts of E. crassipes. Out of the 11 phenolic acids analyzed, ethanolic extracts contained high amounts of gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas, water extracts contained less amounts of a varied number of phenolic acids. Ethanolic extracts of flower, which contained the highest total phenolic content, were found to have high DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. However, ethanolic extracts of leaf exerted a high Fe2+ chelating activity and also inhibited lipid peroxidation process both in liposomes and fish oil. Our results demonstrate that E. crassipes, an underutilized aquatic weed, could be a potential natural antioxidant source for food, feed, and pharmaceutical applications.
Authentication of two bio-active fish oils by qualitative lipid profiling using semi-targeted approach: an exploratory study
(2020) Chatterjee, N.S.; Singh, A.; Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Kumar, K.A.; Mathew, S.
Authentication of Two Bio-Active Fish Oils by Qualitative Lipid Profiling Using Semi-Targeted Approach: An Exploratory Study
(Journal of AOAC International, 2020) S. Chatterjee, Niladri; Singh, Akanksha; Vishnu, K .V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Ashok Kumar, K.; Mathew, Suseela
Background: Fish oils, which are rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have emerged as promising functional foods in the global health and wellness food market. Their source regarding the fish type, season, and location of harvesting might influence the nutritional value of such bioactive oils and determine their market price. The differences in price among such oils often lead to economically motivated mislabeling and adulteration. Objective: In this study, our objective was to demonstrate how a qualitative targeted shotgun lipid profile workflow using an electrospray ionization-quadrupole-linear ion trap MS (QTrap) could differentiate fish oils originating from two different species. Methods: Five samples each of sardine (Sardinella longiceps) oil and shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were diluted to a concentration of 80 µg/mL in chloroform-methanol (1 + 2, v/v) with 5 mM ammonium acetate. These samples were directly infused into a QTrap MS. The data were acquired for 23 precursor ion and 4 neutral loss scan experiments in the positive ionization mode and compared. Results: We identified the following major lipid classes: cholesteryl ester, diacyl glycerol, triacylglycerol, monoalkyldiacylglycerol, and phophatydyl choline. The relative peak areas of the identified lipid species, when subjected to supervised multivariate analysis, could effectively distinguish the sardine oil and shark liver oil. Conclusions: The approach will be useful in establishing authenticity of fish oil and to support the regulatory agencies in dispute resolution. It can also be extended to establish authenticity in other agricultural and food commodities. Highlights: This paper reports a proof of concept for authenticating PUFA-rich fish supplements. A shotgun targeted lipidomics profile and chemometrics modeling successfully discriminated sardine oil and shark liver oil.
Biochemical and histopathological studies on lead nitrate induced toxicity in fresh water fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)
(Pelagia Research Library, 2015) Mary, S.C.H.; Bhuvaneswari, D.; Anandan, R.
Fish species were recently suggested as environmental biomarkers. Measuring heavy metals in aquatic organisms may be a bioindicators of their impact on organisms and ecosystem health. From bioaccumulation studies, the proportion of lead was found to be significantly higher in different tissues of fish. In the present study the acute toxicity of lead nitrate was analyzed by the exposure of the lead nitrate to the fresh water fish Grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) at the time interval of 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 96hrs in the concentration of (5.15 mg/l). The vital organs like Gill, Liver, and muscle tissues showed pronounced effect on the activity of enzymes GOT (Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), GPT (Glutamate pyruvate transaminase) ALP, and Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The antioxidant activity was also evaluated. A significant decreased in the activity of enzymes GOT, GPT, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) was noted. The enzymes ALP and ACP levels were found to be increased in all the tissues. Histopathological examination of liver, gill and muscle revealed the cellular degeneration, inflammation of the organs due to metal induced free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Biochemical studies on changes associated with enzymes of glucose metabolism in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected penaeus monodon (fabricius)
(Academic Journals, 2007) Mathew, S.; Nair, A.K.K.; Anandan, R.; Nair, P.G.V.; Devadasan, K.
Tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) were infected with white spot virus artificially by intramuscular injection of the virus inoculum. Haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle samples from the infected prawns were analyzed for glucose and enzymes viz aldolase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6- diphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose content reduced to 33% of its original value in 24 h of infection and to 31% in 48 h. Almost 95% loss in activity was observed in the case of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase in hepatopancreas, whereas the reduction in activity in muscle was 67%, after 48 h of infection. Glucose-6-phosphatase showed a reduction of 16 and 13% in hepatopancreas and muscle respectively during 24 h of infection. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased by 300% of original value in hepatopancreas, while in muscle the increase was only 30% of original value during 24 h of infection. No significant change in activity was noted in the case of aldolase. Even at moribund stage, the glycolytic pathway was not affected, as evident from the normal activity of aldolase observed in the present study.
Biochemical studies on the antiulcer effect of glucosamine on antioxidant defense status in experimentally induced peptic ulcer in rats
(The Society of Free radical Research, Japan, 2005) Santhosh, S.; Anandan, R.; Sini, T.K.; Mathew, P.T.; Thankappan, T.K.
The present study examined the antiucler effect of glucosamine on mucosal antioxidant defense system in ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats.The number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice, acid output, peasin activity, lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione conttent and the activities of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase)and antiperoxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase)were determined. Prior oral administration of glucosamine significantly prevented the ibuprofen-induced increases in the number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice and acidity .It also maintained the activity of pepsin at near normal level.Oral pretreatment of glucosamine exerted a significant antioxidant effect by preventing ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation and by maintaining the levelof reduced glutathione and the activities of muscosal antioxidant enzymes at near normalcy.The results of the present investigation indicate that the antiulcer activity of glucosamine is related to its ability to neutralize the hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach and to its antioxidant capability to inhit ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation.
Biochemical studies on the cardioprotective effect of glutamine on tissue antioxidant defense system in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Institute of Applied Biochemistry (Japan), 2007) Kumar, S.H.S.; Anandan, R.
Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms with a central role involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The protective effect of glutamine on myocardial antioxidant defense system was investigated during isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction, an animal model of myocardial infarction of human beings. Levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in heart tissue were determined. Injection of isoprenaline caused significant increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue. A parallel decline in the levels of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and GSH and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes in heart tissue was also observed. Prior oral administration of glutamine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced adverse effects and maintained myocardial antioxidant status at near normal status. The cardioprotective effect of glutamine is probably related to a strengthening of the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action, or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property, or to its ability to maintain near to normal status the activities of free radical scavenging enzymes and the level of GSH, which protect myocardial membrane against oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation.
Biochemical studies on the protective effect of betaine on mitochondrial function in experimentally induced myocardial infractio in rats
(Science and Academic Publishing, 2007) Ganesan, B.; Rajesh, R.; Anandan, R.; Dhandapani, N.
The present study was designed to examine the cardio-protective effect of betaine on mitochondrial function in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction in rats with respect to changes in the mitochondrial energy status and antioxidant defense system. Prior oral treatment with betaine significantly prevented the isoprenaline-induced elevation in the levels of diagnostic maeker enzymes [alamine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)] and homocysteine in plasma of the experimental group of rats.Its administration significantly counteracted the isoprenaline-induced aberrations in the myocardial energy status by maintaining the levels of myocardial ATP and betaine contents and the activities of mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes [isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malate dehydrogenase(MDH)] and respiratory marker enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase) at near normalcy. It also exerted an antioxidant effect against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction by blocking the induction of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO). A tendency to minimize the isoprenaline-induced alterations in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and in the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] and antiperoxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalse (CAT)] in the heart mitochondria was also observed. The results of the present study indicate that the overall cardioprotective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to maintain the myocardial energy status (ATP) at higher level by maintaining the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and respiratory marker enzymes at near normalcy, and/or to its free radical-scavenging ability against isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation, which is primarily responsible for the irreversible necrosis of the myocardial membrane.
Cardioprotective Effect of Squalene on Lipid Profile in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats
(Mary Ann Liebert, 2006) Sabeena Farvin, K.H.; Anandan, R.; Hari Senthil Kumar, S.; Shiny, K.S.; Mathew, Suseela; Sankar, T.V.; Viswanathan Nair, P.G.
We studied the cardioprotective effect of squalene on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats with respect to changes in the levels of lipid components in plasma and heart tissue. Prior administration of 2% squalene in feed for 45 days significantly reduced the isoprenaline-induced elevation in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in plasma and heart tissue of rats following myocardial infarction. It exerted an anitlipidemic effect by reducing the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with a parallel rise in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma of experimental rats. A tendency to prevent the isoprenaline-induced depletion of phospholipids in the myocardium of experimental rats was also observed. In the present study, the pretreatment with squalene significantly counteracted the isoprenaline- induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the rats at near normal status. The results of the present study indicate that the overall cardioprotective effect of squalene is probably related to an inhibition of lipid accumulation by its hypolipidemic properties and/or its antioxidant properties.
Chemical composition and nutritional value of anchovy (stolephorus commersonii) caught from Kerala coast, India
(Pelagia Research Library, 2013) Sankar, T.V.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Lakshmanan, P.T.; Varkey, J.; Aneesh, P.A.
Proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition and mineral status of Commerson’s anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) in three different size groups (3-5g,6-10g,25-30g)were studied. Moisture content was high in big size group and low in small size group. Fat content was found to be high in small size group and low in big size group showing an inverse relation between moisture content and fat content. It was observed that the protein content was high in medium sized fish. The essential amino acid content was significantly higher in small(3- 5g)and medium sized fish compared to larger fish. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content was higher in small sized anchovies compared to other groups. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was five times higher than the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in all the fishes irrespective of size. The higher content of EPA produces antithrombotic anti-inflammatory effects and help in calcium metabolism. The mineral content was found higher in small sized fishes. Anchovy can be a cheap and ideal dietary supplement for children and elderly.
Chemoprevention of rat mammary carcinogenesis by azadirachta indica leaf fractions: modulation of hormone status, xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, oxidative stress, cell proliferation and apoptosis
(2009) Vinothini, G.; Manikandan, P.; Anandan, R.; Nagini, S.
We evaluated the chemopreventive potential of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and methanolic fraction (MF) of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Estradiol and estrogen receptor status, xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities, redox status, DNA and protein modifications, and the expression of cell proliferation, and apoptosis related proteins in the mammary gland and liver were used as biomarkers of chemoprevention. Administration of both EAF and MF at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw effectively suppressed tumour incidence. Chemoprevention by neem leaf fractions was associated with modulation of hormone and receptor status, xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes, and lipid and protein oxidation, with upregulation of antioxidants, inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, protein modification, and cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. However EAF rich in constituent phytochemicals was more effective than MF in modulating multiple molecular targets. These results provide evidence for the chemopreventive efficacy of neem leaf fractions in the rat mammary tumour model.
Chitosan – Whey protein as efficient delivery system for squalene: Characterization and functional food application
(Elsevier, 2019) Kumar Lekshmi, R.G.; Rahima, M.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Tejpal, C.S.; Anas, K.K.; Vishnu, K.V.; Sarika, K.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Suseela, Mathew
Squalene, a triterpenoid compound possessing excellent bioactivities, is not being utilized as a functional food ingredient due to its high susceptibility to oxidation. In the present study, the feasibility of chitosan-whey protein as an efficient wall material for squalene encapsulation using spray drying technique was attempted for functional food applications. The encapsulation efficiency of the squalene powder was found to be 75.4 ± 0.22% whereas other physico-chemical properties such as moisture content, flowability, solubility, peroxide value, etc. have shown satisfactory results. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that chitosan-whey protein was able to retain the thermal stability of squalene up to a temperature of 422 °C. Furthermore, the functional food application of the encapsulated squalene in a bakery product (cake) exhibited significantly (p b 0.05) better properties in terms of oxidative stability, sensory attributes than that of cake with pure squalene and control treatment. Hence, it can be concluded that emulsification of squalene in chitosan-whey protein and its subsequent encapsulation by spray drying can be a potential process to produce oxidatively stable encapsulates for the development of functional foods.
Chitosan – whey protein as efficient delivery system for squalene: characterization and functional food application
(Elsevier, 2019) Lekshmi, R.G.K.; Rahima, M.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Tejpal, C.S.; Anas, K.K.; Vishnu, K.V.; Sarika, K.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.
Squalene, a triterpenoid compound possessing excellent bioactivities, is not being utilized as a functional food ingredient due to its high susceptibility to oxidation. In the present study, the feasibility of chitosan-whey protein as an efficient wall material for squalene encapsulation using spray drying technique was attempted for functional food applications. The encapsulation efficiency of the squalene powder was found to be 75.4 ± 0.22% whereas other physico-chemical properties such as moisture content, flowability, solubility, peroxide value, etc. have shown satisfactory results. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that chitosan-whey protein was able to retain the thermal stability of squalene up to a temperature of 422 °C. Furthermore, the functional food application of the encapsulated squalene in a bakery product (cake) exhibited significantly (p b 0.05) better properties in terms of oxidative stability, sensory attributes than that of cake with pure squalene and control treatment. Hence, it can be concluded that emulsification of squalene in chitosan-whey protein and its subsequent encapsulation by spray drying can be a potential process to produce oxidatively stable encapsulates for the development of functional foods
Chitosan: whey protein isolate: an effective emulsifier for stabilization of squalene based emulsions
(Springer, 2019) Kumar, L.R.G.; Anas, K.K.; Tejpal, C.S.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Vishnu, V.K.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.
Chitosan, a biocompatible functional polysaccharide, often in conjunction with proteins is being employed as efficient food delivery systems assuring better stability and release properties.In the present study, the formulation of a stable squalenein- water emulsion was attempted using chitosan-whey protein isolate complex as the wall material. Six different treatments (A–F) of biopolymers were prepared by varying the pH (4.5 and 5.5) and chitosan concentration (0.25, 0.5 and 1%), whereas the concentration of whey protein isolate was kept constant (10%). Emulsions were prepared by high speed homogenization after addition of squalene at the rate of 30% of the total wall material weight (w/w). Emulsions prepared using 1% chitosan, 10% whey protein isolate at pH 5.5 (Treatment F) was found to be significantly stable (p < 0.05) with an emulsion stability index of 97.05 ± 0.10%, lowest particle size and highest zeta potential. Rheological analysis revealed that treatment F had the highest viscosity along with the highest consistency coefficient (K) value of 5.85 ± 0.01. The findings of the study showed that a stable complex prepared by 1% chitosan and 10% whey protein isolate at 5.5 pH can be utilized as a stable mixed delivery system for biologically sensitive lipophilic compounds.
Comparative studies on nutrient profiling of two deep sea fish(Neocpinnula orientalis and Chlorophthalmus corniger) and brackish water fish(Scatophagus argus)
(Elsevier, 2016) Vijayan, D.K.; Jayarani, R.; Singh, D.K.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Mathew, S.; Mohanty, B.P.; Shankar, T.V.; Anandan, R.
Determination of electrophoretic subunit pattern and peptide mapping of collagen and collagen peptides extracted from skin of hammer head shark (Sphyrnae mokkaran)
(2018) Vijayan, D.K.; Raman, S.P.; Krishnamoorthy, E.; Mathew, S.; Ravishankar, C.N.; Anandan, R.
SDS-PAGE is a simple moreover standard method for separation and identification of protein moiety based on their molecular size. In the present study, shark skin-acid soluble collagen (SSk-ASC) and shark skin-pepsin soluble collagen (SSk-PSC) were extracted from the skin of hammerhead shark. Subunit pattern of both extracted collagens were observed using SDS-PAGE. From the electrophoretic patterns both the extracts were identified as they belong to type I. Collagen peptides were prepared from SSk-ASC by enzymatic digestion, followed by subsequent fractionation using gel filtration chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. The relationship between molecular weight distributions along with the antioxidant activity of the fractions were measured using SDS-PAGE analysis and ABTS radical scavenging assay. The results of evaluation revealed that the fractions with smallest fragments exhibiting maximum antioxidant activity.
Dietary chitosan supplimentation attenuates isoprenaline induced oxidative stress in rat myocardium
(2012) Anandan, R.; Ganesan, B.; Obulesu, T.; Mathew, S.; Kumar, R.S.; Lakshmanan, P.T.; Zynudheen, A.A.
Despite considerable advances in diagnosis and management over the last three decades, acute myocardial infarction continues to be a major public health problem. It is predicted that ischemic heart diseases will constitute the major disease-burden worldwide in the year 2020. In the present study, an attempt has been made to examine the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on lipid peroxidation and cardiac antioxidant defense system in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats, an animal model of myocardial infarction in man. Dietary chitosan intake significantly attenuated the isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the level of reduced glutathione at near normal. Its administration demonstrated an antioxidant effect by maintaining the activities of myocardial glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and antiperoxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) at levels comparable to that of controls. The results of the present study indicate that the salubrious effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan is probably related to a counteraction of free radicals and/or to normal maintenance of the activities of free radical enzymes and the level of GSH, which protect myocardial membrane against oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation

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