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Fatty acid composition of eight species of Indian marine fish
(1972) Gopakumar, K.; Nair, M. R.
Tropical fish oils were found to be relatively saturated. The species examined showed wide variations in myristic acid (2 to 11.3), palmitic (20 to 35) stearic (7 to 16), C18:1 (7.9 co 24), C20:5 (1 to11) and C22:6 (2 to 10). Mussel lipids and lipids of mullet contained very high percentages of odd numbered fatty acids,
effect of varying the ratio of beef and textural vegetable protein nitrogen on protein nutritive value for humans
(1973) Anon
Fatty acid composition of 15 species of fish from tropical waters
(wiley, 1978) Nair, P.G.V.; Gopakumar, K.
Fatty acid composition of five species of freshwater fish, three marine fish and seven brackish water fish were determined by GLC. Of the saturated fatty acids C SUB-16:0 and C SUB-18:0 are found to be the dominant ones with C SUB-16:0 accounting for 50-55% of the total saturated acids. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids C SUB-16:1 and C SUB-18:1 and polyunsaturated fatty acids C SUB-18:2 , C SUB-18:3 , C SUB-20:4 , C SUB-20:5 and C SUB-22:6 are found to be the important ones. Stinging cat fish contained the highest amount of C SUB-16:1 (16 . 52%). The level of arachidonic acid was fairly high in most of the fish lipids analyzed. The ratio C SUB-18:1 /C SUB-18:2 is higher for marine fish than for the freshwater fish and is fairly constant for each group. The fatty acid composition of brackish water fish do not show any definite pattern.
Purification of a lipase from the hepatopancreas of oil sardine (sardinella longiceps) and its characteristics and properties
(1985) Mukundan, M.K..; Gopakumar, K.; Nair, M.R.
Lipase has been purified from the hepatopancreas of oil sardine (Sarriirre1l4r longiceps) by defatting, water extraction, ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on DEAF_ Sephadex and Sephadex G-100. The preparation was homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and on gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200. The enzyme showed a molecular weighs of 54000-57000 with 6.1% of carbohydrate. The pH and temperature optima of purified sardine lipase were 8 and 37°C respectively. Sardine lipase remained stable up to 45°C. (15 min) and in the pH range 5 to 9.5. The Km, values obtained for the substrates tributyrin and triacetin were 4x10-2 and 30x 10-2 , respectively. The effect of halogens and various metal ions on sardine lipase activity, substrate specificity, amino acid and carbohydrate composition are also reported.
Vibrio cholerae in seafoods and environs, Mangalore, India
(1988) Suseela Mathew; Indrani Karunasagar; Malathi Rao, G.; Karunasagar, I.
Purification and characterization of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the liver of pearl spot (etroplus suratensis)
(Tropical Products Institute (Great Britain), John Wiley & Sons, 1993) Mathew, P.T.; Gopakumar, K.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was purified from the liver of the fish pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) by buffer extraction, ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G100. The preparation was homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and on gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200. The enzyme is a dimer and showed a molecular weight of 118 000- 120 000. The temperature and pH optima of the purified enzyme were 37 degree C and 8 degree C respectively. It remained stable at temperatures of 20-50 degree C and at pH 6.5-8.4. Km values obtained were 105 micro M with respect to the substrate glucose-6-phosphate and 50 micro M with respect to NA DP. The effect of halogens, various metal ions and palmitoyl coenzyme A on enzyme activity, substrate specificity and amino acid composition are also reported.
Biochemical and nutritional changes in fish protein during drying
(1995) Raghunath, M.R.; Sankar, T.V.; Ammu, K.; Devadasan, K.
Biochemical and nutritional changes in the muscle proteins of a lean marine fish Nempizerra japordeus during drying at 50, 60 and 70‘t were investigated. Solubility of proteins in water, 0-6 m NaCI, 1-5 M urea, it m urea and 10 g litre-1 sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS1 decreased as drying progressed at all three temperatures; most of the decrease occurring in the initial 4 h of drying. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 1.5 M urea, 8 m urea and SOS extracts showed that higher molecular weight (MW) protein fractions were more sensitive to drying and disappeared much earlier from electropherograms than the lower MW protein fractions. Residual Solubility of proteins near the pH range of 4 6 was found to increase during drying, but solubility at acid and alkaline pH was adversely affected. Decrease of solubility by drying was more affected at acid pH, especially at higher temperatures than at alkaline pH. Sulphydryl groups registered a regular and sharp decrease with drying except at 50°C, where initially an increase was observed. Apart from disulphide and hydrophobic bonds, free amino groups also appear to be involved in denaturation reactions during drying. Pepsin digestibility of fish muscle decreased slightly during drying but a clear relationship with drying temperature was not evident. Highly significant differences in proteins between protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilisation (NPU) and biological value were observed between the drying temperatures. The PER and NPU of fish dried at 60°C were significantly higher than those dried at 50 or 70°C.
Lipase activity in different tissues of four species of fish: rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton), oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps Linnaeus), mullet (Liza subviridis Valenciennes) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier)
(Wiley, 2003) Nayak, J.; Nair, P.G.V.; Ammu, K.; Mathew, S.
Lipase activity in stomach and pyloric caeca, liver, intestine and red muscle of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton), oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps Linnaeus), mullet (Liza subviridis Valenciennes) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier) was studied. Distinct differences in lipolytic activity in different tissues of these fish were observed. Rohu showed the highest activity in all tissues in comparison with the other three species of fish. Among the three size groups of mullet, medium-sized mullet showed higher activity than the other two groups in all tissues except intestine. Rohu hepatopancreatic lipase exhibited more hydrolytic activity on fish oil than rohu intestinal lipase.
A study on the intestinal lipase of Indian major carp Labeo rohita
(Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Phillipines, 2004) Nayak, J.; Nair, P.G.V.; Mathew, S.; Ammu, K.
Lipase from rohu(Labeo rohita, Cyprinidae) intestine was extracted, fractionated with ammonium sulphate and purified on Sephadex G100 column. It was found that the specific activity increased 3.6 times after ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-100 Chromatography of crude extract. Lipase activity at different levels of ammonium sulphate showed lower activity. Fractions precipitated with 80% saturated ammonium sulphate has the maximum activity and no activity was detected in the filtrate from this fraction. Lipase was found to have optimum activity at temperature 45 degree C and at pH 7.0. The amino acid composition of the enzyme showed that lipase had high amount of polar amino acids than non polar amino acid content.
Thermal stability of myofibrillar protein from Indian major carps
(2005) Sankar, T.V.; Ramachandran, A.
The characteristics and stability of natural actomyosin (NAM) from rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) were investigated. The total extractable actomyosin (AM) was higher (7.60mgml−1) in the case of rohu compared with that from catla and mrigal (5mgml−1). Although the specific AM ATPase activity was similar (0.43–0.5 μmolPmin−1 mgP−1) among the three species, the total ATPase activity was lower in mrigal (25 μmol g−1 meat) compared with the other species (37 μmol g−1 meat). The inactivation rate constants (kd) of AM Ca ATPase activity showed differences in the stabilities of actomyosin among these fish, the actomyosin from catla being least stable. The NAM from these species was stable up to 20 ◦C at pH 7.0. Catla AM became unstable at 30 ◦C, while rohu and mrigal AM could withstand up to 45 ◦C. The thermal denaturation with respect to solubility, turbidity, ATPase activity, sulphhydryl group and surface hydrophobicity showed noticeable changes at around these temperatures.
Protective effect of squalene isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Institute of applied biochemistry (Jappan), 2005) Farvin, K.H.S.; Anandan, R.; Sankar, T.V.; Nair, P.G.V.
The protective effect of squalane on membrane function and mineral status was examined in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infraction in male albino rats. The pretreatment with squalene at 2% level along with feed significantly reduced the isoproterenol-induced rise in the level of plasma diagnostic marker enzymes (ALS,AST,LDH and CPK), It countreacted isoproterenol-induced lipid peroxidation in plasma and heart tissue, and maintained the level of reduced glutathione in the heart tissue at near normalcy.Supplimentation squalene also exerted membrane stabilizing action against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infraction by maintainig the activities of membrane-bound ATPases.in the heart tissue and the mineral status in plasma and heart tissue at near normal levels. The cardioprotective effect of squalane might be ascribable to its antioxidant nature and mambrane stabilizing properly.
Biochemical studies on the antiulcer effect of glucosamine on antioxidant defense status in experimentally induced peptic ulcer in rats
(The Society of Free radical Research, Japan, 2005) Santhosh, S.; Anandan, R.; Sini, T.K.; Mathew, P.T.; Thankappan, T.K.
The present study examined the antiucler effect of glucosamine on mucosal antioxidant defense system in ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats.The number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice, acid output, peasin activity, lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione conttent and the activities of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase)and antiperoxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase)were determined. Prior oral administration of glucosamine significantly prevented the ibuprofen-induced increases in the number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice and acidity .It also maintained the activity of pepsin at near normal level.Oral pretreatment of glucosamine exerted a significant antioxidant effect by preventing ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation and by maintaining the levelof reduced glutathione and the activities of muscosal antioxidant enzymes at near normalcy.The results of the present investigation indicate that the antiulcer activity of glucosamine is related to its ability to neutralize the hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach and to its antioxidant capability to inhit ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation.
Cardioprotective Effect of Squalene on Lipid Profile in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats
(Mary Ann Liebert, 2006) Sabeena Farvin, K.H.; Anandan, R.; Hari Senthil Kumar, S.; Shiny, K.S.; Mathew, Suseela; Sankar, T.V.; Viswanathan Nair, P.G.
We studied the cardioprotective effect of squalene on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats with respect to changes in the levels of lipid components in plasma and heart tissue. Prior administration of 2% squalene in feed for 45 days significantly reduced the isoprenaline-induced elevation in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in plasma and heart tissue of rats following myocardial infarction. It exerted an anitlipidemic effect by reducing the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with a parallel rise in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma of experimental rats. A tendency to prevent the isoprenaline-induced depletion of phospholipids in the myocardium of experimental rats was also observed. In the present study, the pretreatment with squalene significantly counteracted the isoprenaline- induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the rats at near normal status. The results of the present study indicate that the overall cardioprotective effect of squalene is probably related to an inhibition of lipid accumulation by its hypolipidemic properties and/or its antioxidant properties.
Biochemical studies on the cardioprotective effect of glutamine on tissue antioxidant defense system in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Institute of Applied Biochemistry (Japan), 2007) Kumar, S.H.S.; Anandan, R.
Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms with a central role involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The protective effect of glutamine on myocardial antioxidant defense system was investigated during isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction, an animal model of myocardial infarction of human beings. Levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in heart tissue were determined. Injection of isoprenaline caused significant increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue. A parallel decline in the levels of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and GSH and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes in heart tissue was also observed. Prior oral administration of glutamine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced adverse effects and maintained myocardial antioxidant status at near normal status. The cardioprotective effect of glutamine is probably related to a strengthening of the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action, or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property, or to its ability to maintain near to normal status the activities of free radical scavenging enzymes and the level of GSH, which protect myocardial membrane against oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation.
Protective effect of dietary squalene supplimentation on mitochondrial function in liver of aged rats
(2007) Buddan, S.; Sivakumar, R.; Dhandapani, N.; Ganesan, B.; Anandan, R.
Mitochondria are an important intracellular source and target of reactive oxygen species. The life span of a species is thought to be determined, in part, by the rate of mitochondrial damage inflicted by oxygen free radicals during the course of normal cellular metabolism. In the present study, we have investigated the protective effect of squalene supplementation for 15 days and 30 days on energy status and antioxidant defense system in liver mitochondria of 18 young and 18 aged rats. The dietary supplementation of 2% squalene significantly minimized aging associated alterations in mitochondrial energy status by maintaining the activities of TCA cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase) and respiratory marker enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase) at higher level in the liver mitochondria of aged rats compared with unsupplemented controls. It exerted an antioxidant effect by inhibiting mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in liver of young and aged rats. Supplementation with squalene also maintained the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system at higher rate by increasing the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and antiperoxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver of young and aged rats. The results of this study provide evidence that dietary supplementation with squalene can improve liver mitochondrial function during aging and minimize the age-associated disorders in which reactive oxygen species are a major cause.
Biochemical studies on changes associated with enzymes of glucose metabolism in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected penaeus monodon (fabricius)
(Academic Journals, 2007) Mathew, S.; Nair, A.K.K.; Anandan, R.; Nair, P.G.V.; Devadasan, K.
Tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) were infected with white spot virus artificially by intramuscular injection of the virus inoculum. Haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle samples from the infected prawns were analyzed for glucose and enzymes viz aldolase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6- diphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose content reduced to 33% of its original value in 24 h of infection and to 31% in 48 h. Almost 95% loss in activity was observed in the case of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase in hepatopancreas, whereas the reduction in activity in muscle was 67%, after 48 h of infection. Glucose-6-phosphatase showed a reduction of 16 and 13% in hepatopancreas and muscle respectively during 24 h of infection. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased by 300% of original value in hepatopancreas, while in muscle the increase was only 30% of original value during 24 h of infection. No significant change in activity was noted in the case of aldolase. Even at moribund stage, the glycolytic pathway was not affected, as evident from the normal activity of aldolase observed in the present study.
Effect of tetracycline on pancreas and liver function of adult male albino rats
(Wiley, 2007) Asha, K.K.; Sankar, T.V.; Nair, P.G.V.
The effect of tetracycline, at two doses of 50 and 200 mg kg−1 daily, was studied on pancreatic and liver tissue function for 14 and 21 days in adult male albino rats. For pancreatic function the parameters studied were content of amylase and lipase in pancreas, serum amylase and lipase, serum glucose and faecal fat excretion. For liver function, liver specific enzymes in serum, namely alanine amino transaminase, aspartate amino transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were estimated. In addition, total lipid, antiperoxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation were measured in pancreas and liver. The content of amylase and lipase in pancreas showed a small but significant decrease in the rats given 50 mg kg−1 for 21 days and the decrease was much more significant in those receiving the 200 mg kg−1 dose. In pancreas free radical levels show a significant increase and reduced glutathione shows a substantial decrease at the 50 mg kg−1 level and a significant change in these parameters was observed at the 200 mg kg−1 dose. Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase, showed a small but significant decrease in the pancreas of the rats treated with 50 mg kg−1 tetracycline. A significant decrease in the antioxidant enzymes level was observed at the 200 mg kg−1 dose. In the liver, free radical levels and reduced glutathione were within the normal range at the 50 mg kg−1 level and significant changes were observed at 200 mg kg−1. The antioxidant status was unaffected in liver after treatment with tetracycline at the 50 mg kg−1 level and a significant decrease was observed at the higher dose. Our results reveal the safe nature of tetracycline with respect to the liver at the lower dose tested, whereas, both the higher and lower doses seem to have detrimental effect on the pancreas as revealed by the rise in free radical levels and decrease in the antioxidant enzyme levels.
Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards
(ELSEVIER, 2007) Sivaperumal, P.; Sankar, T.V.; Nair, P.G.V.
Heavy metals are an important group of chemical contaminants and food is the major vehicle for entry into the system. Fish constitute a major source of heavy metals in food. Concentration of heavy metals in commercially important species of fish, shellfish and fish products from fish markets in and around the Cochin area was evaluated using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The concentration ranges of Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, As, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, and Se in the samples were <0.07–1, <0.07–1.32, <0.05–2.31, <0.05 to 3.65, <0.1–4.14, 0.6 to 165, 0.15 to 24, <0.02 to 0.85, <0.08 to 9.2, <0.032–1.38 and; <0.03–1.35 mg/kg, respectively. The present study showed that different metals were present in the samples at different levels but within the maximum residual levels prescribed by the EU and USFDA and the fish and shellfish from these areas, in general, are safe for human consumption.
Biochemical studies on the protective effect of betaine on mitochondrial function in experimentally induced myocardial infractio in rats
(Science and Academic Publishing, 2007) Ganesan, B.; Rajesh, R.; Anandan, R.; Dhandapani, N.
The present study was designed to examine the cardio-protective effect of betaine on mitochondrial function in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction in rats with respect to changes in the mitochondrial energy status and antioxidant defense system. Prior oral treatment with betaine significantly prevented the isoprenaline-induced elevation in the levels of diagnostic maeker enzymes [alamine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)] and homocysteine in plasma of the experimental group of rats.Its administration significantly counteracted the isoprenaline-induced aberrations in the myocardial energy status by maintaining the levels of myocardial ATP and betaine contents and the activities of mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes [isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malate dehydrogenase(MDH)] and respiratory marker enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase) at near normalcy. It also exerted an antioxidant effect against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction by blocking the induction of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO). A tendency to minimize the isoprenaline-induced alterations in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and in the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] and antiperoxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalse (CAT)] in the heart mitochondria was also observed. The results of the present study indicate that the overall cardioprotective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to maintain the myocardial energy status (ATP) at higher level by maintaining the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and respiratory marker enzymes at near normalcy, and/or to its free radical-scavenging ability against isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation, which is primarily responsible for the irreversible necrosis of the myocardial membrane.
Changes in biogenic amines during iced and ambient temperature storage of tilapia
(John Wiley & Sons, USA, 2008) Sil, S.; Joseph, J.; Kumar, K.A.
Changes in the biogenic amine content of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) with time during iced and ambient temperature (28 DGC) storage were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography in a gradient elution system using acetonitrile and water as solvents. The levels of amines in tilapia were significantly low even after a long storage period (18 h under ambient temperature storage and 15 days under iced storage). All amines except spermidine and spermine increased with time during both iced and ambient temperature storage. Spermidine and spermine showed a decrease with increasing storage time. Being euryhaline (tolerant of a wide range of salinity) in nature, tilapia shows significantly low quantities of biogenic amines even after a long period of ambient temperature or iced storage, unlike most other marine fish.

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