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Amino Acid Composition of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Mohanty, B.; Mahanty, A.; Ganguly, S.; Sankar, T.V.; Chakraborty, K.; Anandan, R.; Paul, B.N.; Sarma, D.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Behera, B.K.; Aftabuddin, Md.; Debnath, D.; Vijayagopal, P.; Sridhar, N.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sahi, N.; Mitra, T.; Banerjee, S.; Paria, P.; Das, D.; Das, Pushpita; Vijayan, K.K.; Laxmanan, K.K.; Sharma, A.P.
Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and plays important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine.The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs.
Amphiphilic dendrimer as reverse micelle: synthesis, characterization and application as homogeneous organocatalyst
(Elsevier, 2019) Mole, P.B.S.; George, S.; Shebitha, A.M.; Kannan, V.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Sreekumar, K.
The core and surface terminal groups are the two main catalytic sites in a dendrimer. In most of the reported examples, the catalytic sites in dendritic catalysis are the surface terminal functional groups. This perspective article concerned with the dendrimer based catalysis, involving these two catalytic sites and the dendrimer cavities. The interior cavities provide the nanoscale reactor sites, by creating reverse micelle like appearance for catalysis. In exploring the significant achievements in this area, a low generation PAMAM dendrimer with amphiphilic nature, having a polymeric core with large number of pendent amino groups was synthesized and concentrated its catalytic activity. The key features with respect to positive and/or negative catalytic activity was highlighted by synthesizing various aryl and heteroaryl 2-substituted benzimidazoles. The synthesized dendritic organocatalyst was proved to be amazingly reactive and gave high yield of products within a few minutes at room temperature with low catalyst loading. Here, a new stable hemiaminal, the species rarely been detected and much less isolated in bulk, was obtained during the synthesis of benzimidazoles. Moreover, this is the first reported method for the synthesis of benzimidazoles, using the homogeneous PAMAM dendrimer as a basic organocatalyst
Anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats
(Pharma Intelligence, 2015) Louis, T.; Yuvaraj, P.; Madhavachandran, V.; Anandan, R.
To evaluate the anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of Ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Different extracts (hexane, ethanol and water, 50 mg/kg) of A. malabarica stem bark were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days and blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats were monitored at one week intervals. Lipid profiles of the treated diabetic rats were determined after the period of treatment. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats in 21 days treatment. The ethanol extract showed a comparable action with the reference drug, glibenclamide. The ethanol extract exerted a significant reduction in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and phospholipids, and increase in HDL levels of the diabetic rats. However, water and hexane extract of A. malabarica stem bark did not show any such beneficial effects. . These results suggest that the ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark possesses anti diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and this justifies its usage in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.
Antioxidant and hepatoprotective property of squalene for counteracting the oxidative damage induced by methotrexate in experimental rats
(Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 2020) Sumi, Edakkukaran Sudhakaran; Dara, Pavan Kumar; Mannuthy, Rosemol Jacob; Ganesan, Balaraman; Anandan, Rangasamy; Mathew, Suseela
Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate drug, is extensively prescribed for patients suff ering from diseases like cancer, psoriasis, neoplasms, and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite its eff ectiveness, MTX sometimes fi nds limited application because its undesirable side eff ects, including hepatic or renal impairment, bone marrow toxicity and gastrointestinal mucosal injury. Squalene, a highly unsaturated isoprenoid compound, isolated from shark liver oil has great potential in neutralizing the damaging eff ects triggered by free radicals. Therefore, in this study, the protective role of dietary squalene supplementation on oxidative stress induced by methotrexate in experimental rats was evaluated. A signifi cant reduction was displayed in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Similarly, the activities of glutathione dependant enzymes (GPx and GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in MTX-induced groups were shown to be lower compared to the untreated control. Increased LPO (lipid peroxide) level was found in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. In addition, alterations in the levels of liver marker enzymes like AST, ALP, ALT, and LDH were noticed in MTX intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Biochemical results were confi rmed by the histopathological examination of liver sections. In conclusion, the result obtained in the present study proposes that squalene exerts antioxidant activity and is capable of ameliorating oxidative stress and liver injury induced by MTX.
Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Springer-Verlag, 2010) Ganesan, B.; Buddhan, S.; Anandan, R.; Sivakumar, R.; Anbinezhilan, R.
We investigated the antioxidant preventive effect of betaine on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats. Isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction was manifested by a moderate elevation in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) and homocysteine in plasma of experimental rats. Significant rise in the level of lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decline in the levels of myocardial non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was also observed. Oral pretreatment with betaine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced alterations in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes and homocysteine in plasma of experimental groups of rats. It counteracted the isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the myocardial antioxidant defense system at near normal. Histopathological observations also confirmed the protective effect of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The results of the present investigation indicate that the protective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to strengthen the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property.
Antioxidant defense of fish collagen peptides attenuates oxidative stress in gastric mucosa of experimentally ulcer-induced rats
(Springer, 2021) K Vijayan, Divya; Sreerekha, P R; Kumar Dara, Pavan; Ganesan, B; Mathew, Suseela; Anandan, Rangasamy; Ravisankar, C N
The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of fish collagen peptides (FCP) from the skin of great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) to avert the occurrence of gastric ulcer in experimental rats. FCP treatment prevented the formation of ulcerative lesions on gastric tissues with 86% of inhibition. The histopathology analysis of gastric tissue revealed that the FCP intake prevented the occurrence of hemorrhage and erosion in gastric tissue with formation of mild edema and necrosis, as well as normalized the pH and volume of gastric juice. It also downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory marker interferon-ɤ (IFN-ɤ) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-4 (IL-4) in gastric tissue. FCP is capable to modulate the oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and by lowering the levels of membrane lipid peroxidation.
Antioxidant potential of water hyacinth (eichornia crassipes): In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic composition
(Taylor & Francis, 2013) Surendraraj, A.; Farvin, K.H.S.; Anandan, R.
The aims of the present study were (a) to extract and quantify the main phenolic acids and tocopherols from the petiole, leaves, and flowers of Eichornia crassipes; (b) to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the extracts in four in vitro systems (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging ability, iron chelating activity, reducing power, and prevention of oxidation in a liposome model system); and (c) its effectiveness in retarding lipid peroxidation in fish oil by accelerated stability test. Significant differences were observed in total and individual phenolic contents and in the antioxidant activities of extracts from the various parts of E. crassipes. Out of the 11 phenolic acids analyzed, ethanolic extracts contained high amounts of gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas, water extracts contained less amounts of a varied number of phenolic acids. Ethanolic extracts of flower, which contained the highest total phenolic content, were found to have high DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. However, ethanolic extracts of leaf exerted a high Fe2+ chelating activity and also inhibited lipid peroxidation process both in liposomes and fish oil. Our results demonstrate that E. crassipes, an underutilized aquatic weed, could be a potential natural antioxidant source for food, feed, and pharmaceutical applications.
Assessment of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and pesticide residues in domestic and imported pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fish in India
(Society of Chemical Industry, 2015) Chatterjee, N.S.; Banerjee, K.; Utture, S.; Kamble, N.; Madhusudana Rao, B.; Panda, S.K.; Suseela Mathew
The pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a ubiquitous item of seafood in global markets. However, pesticide residues in aquaculture fish, arising from agricultural run-off and/or direct application during pond preparation, pest control and harvest, are a potential food safety concern. This study assessed the level of chemical hazard in domestic and imported pangasius fish in India. A total of 119 contaminants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorines (OCs) and other groups of pesticides, were screened in 148 samples during 2014–2015 as the first endeavour of its kind in an Indian context, employing a validated gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) method. Apart from the low-level incidence of OCs, pesticides such as quinalphos, malathion, parathion-methyl, etc.weredetected in38%of the samples. Incomparisonwith Indian pangasius, fewer contaminants at low residue level were detected in pangasius fillets imported from Vietnam. The human dietary exposures of the residue concentrations detected were less than the maximum permissible intakes and hence appeared safe. However, detection of commonly used pesticides indicated their direct application in aquaculture and contamination from agricultural run-off. This emphasizes the need for continual residue monitoring in aquaculture fish.
Authentication of two bio-active fish oils by qualitative lipid profiling using semi-targeted approach: an exploratory study
(2020) Chatterjee, N.S.; Singh, A.; Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Kumar, K.A.; Mathew, S.
Authentication of Two Bio-Active Fish Oils by Qualitative Lipid Profiling Using Semi-Targeted Approach: An Exploratory Study
(Journal of AOAC International, 2020) S. Chatterjee, Niladri; Singh, Akanksha; Vishnu, K .V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Ashok Kumar, K.; Mathew, Suseela
Background: Fish oils, which are rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have emerged as promising functional foods in the global health and wellness food market. Their source regarding the fish type, season, and location of harvesting might influence the nutritional value of such bioactive oils and determine their market price. The differences in price among such oils often lead to economically motivated mislabeling and adulteration. Objective: In this study, our objective was to demonstrate how a qualitative targeted shotgun lipid profile workflow using an electrospray ionization-quadrupole-linear ion trap MS (QTrap) could differentiate fish oils originating from two different species. Methods: Five samples each of sardine (Sardinella longiceps) oil and shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were diluted to a concentration of 80 µg/mL in chloroform-methanol (1 + 2, v/v) with 5 mM ammonium acetate. These samples were directly infused into a QTrap MS. The data were acquired for 23 precursor ion and 4 neutral loss scan experiments in the positive ionization mode and compared. Results: We identified the following major lipid classes: cholesteryl ester, diacyl glycerol, triacylglycerol, monoalkyldiacylglycerol, and phophatydyl choline. The relative peak areas of the identified lipid species, when subjected to supervised multivariate analysis, could effectively distinguish the sardine oil and shark liver oil. Conclusions: The approach will be useful in establishing authenticity of fish oil and to support the regulatory agencies in dispute resolution. It can also be extended to establish authenticity in other agricultural and food commodities. Highlights: This paper reports a proof of concept for authenticating PUFA-rich fish supplements. A shotgun targeted lipidomics profile and chemometrics modeling successfully discriminated sardine oil and shark liver oil.
Biochemical and histopathological studies on lead nitrate induced toxicity in fresh water fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)
(Pelagia Research Library, 2015) Mary, S.C.H.; Bhuvaneswari, D.; Anandan, R.
Fish species were recently suggested as environmental biomarkers. Measuring heavy metals in aquatic organisms may be a bioindicators of their impact on organisms and ecosystem health. From bioaccumulation studies, the proportion of lead was found to be significantly higher in different tissues of fish. In the present study the acute toxicity of lead nitrate was analyzed by the exposure of the lead nitrate to the fresh water fish Grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) at the time interval of 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 96hrs in the concentration of (5.15 mg/l). The vital organs like Gill, Liver, and muscle tissues showed pronounced effect on the activity of enzymes GOT (Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), GPT (Glutamate pyruvate transaminase) ALP, and Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The antioxidant activity was also evaluated. A significant decreased in the activity of enzymes GOT, GPT, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) was noted. The enzymes ALP and ACP levels were found to be increased in all the tissues. Histopathological examination of liver, gill and muscle revealed the cellular degeneration, inflammation of the organs due to metal induced free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Biochemical and nutritional changes in fish protein during drying
(1995) Raghunath, M.R.; Sankar, T.V.; Ammu, K.; Devadasan, K.
Biochemical and nutritional changes in the muscle proteins of a lean marine fish Nempizerra japordeus during drying at 50, 60 and 70‘t were investigated. Solubility of proteins in water, 0-6 m NaCI, 1-5 M urea, it m urea and 10 g litre-1 sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS1 decreased as drying progressed at all three temperatures; most of the decrease occurring in the initial 4 h of drying. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 1.5 M urea, 8 m urea and SOS extracts showed that higher molecular weight (MW) protein fractions were more sensitive to drying and disappeared much earlier from electropherograms than the lower MW protein fractions. Residual Solubility of proteins near the pH range of 4 6 was found to increase during drying, but solubility at acid and alkaline pH was adversely affected. Decrease of solubility by drying was more affected at acid pH, especially at higher temperatures than at alkaline pH. Sulphydryl groups registered a regular and sharp decrease with drying except at 50°C, where initially an increase was observed. Apart from disulphide and hydrophobic bonds, free amino groups also appear to be involved in denaturation reactions during drying. Pepsin digestibility of fish muscle decreased slightly during drying but a clear relationship with drying temperature was not evident. Highly significant differences in proteins between protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilisation (NPU) and biological value were observed between the drying temperatures. The PER and NPU of fish dried at 60°C were significantly higher than those dried at 50 or 70°C.
Biochemical characterization of liver oil of echinorhinus brucus (bramble shark) and its cytotoxic effect on neuroblastoma cell lines (SHSY-5Y)
(2016) Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Suvanish Kumar; Shyni, K.; Jayarani, R.; Suseela Mathew
The objective of the present study was to characterize the liver oil extracted from the deep sea shark, Echinorhinus brucus, caught from Central Indian Ocean and to evaluate its cytotoxic effect on neuroblastoma cell line (SHSY-5Y). Characterization of liver oil of Echinorhinus brucus revealed the presence of palmitic acid (15%), oleic acid (12%), stearic acid (8%), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (18%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (16%). It was also found to be a good source of squalene (38.5%) and fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, and K (vitamin A: 17.08mg/100 g of oil, vitamin D: 15.04mg/100 g oil, and vitamin K: 11.45mg/100 g oil). Since it was found to be rich in essential fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins, and squalene, it can be considered as better dietary supplement.The oil of Echinorhinus brucus also showed high in vitro cytotoxic effect against the human neuroblastoma cell line (SHSY-5Y) and the IC50 value laid between 35 and 45 ng.
Biochemical profile and nutritional quality of Indian squid, Uroteuthis duvauceli
(2018) Remyakumari, K.R.; Ginson, J.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Vishnu, K.V.; Asha, K.K.; Mathew, S.
This study was designed to find out the biochemical and nutritional profiling of Indian squid. Proximate composition of Uroteuthis duvauceli showed a content of 80.47% for moisture, 17.5% for protein, 0.52% for fat and 1.13% for ash, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed a higher content of glutamine, followed by aspartine, tryptopan, leucine, alanine and glycine. Higher concentrations of total amino acid (TAA), total essential amino acid (TEAA), total acidic amino acid (TAAA), total neutral amino acid (TNAA), total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) and total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) were observed. In case of fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid contributed highest quantity; whereas, DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid were the major unsaturated fatty acids in the sample. Among the macro minerals, potassium showed highest content followed by sodium and calcium. As in the case of micro minerals, magnesium content showed highest proportion and copper showed least quantity. Commendable quantities of biochemical and nutritional content in U. duvauceli signify the appropriateness of this moderately exploited resource as an essential nutrients for nutritionally deprived population.
Biochemical studies on changes associated with enzymes of glucose metabolism in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected penaeus monodon (fabricius)
(Academic Journals, 2007) Mathew, S.; Nair, A.K.K.; Anandan, R.; Nair, P.G.V.; Devadasan, K.
Tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) were infected with white spot virus artificially by intramuscular injection of the virus inoculum. Haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle samples from the infected prawns were analyzed for glucose and enzymes viz aldolase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6- diphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose content reduced to 33% of its original value in 24 h of infection and to 31% in 48 h. Almost 95% loss in activity was observed in the case of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase in hepatopancreas, whereas the reduction in activity in muscle was 67%, after 48 h of infection. Glucose-6-phosphatase showed a reduction of 16 and 13% in hepatopancreas and muscle respectively during 24 h of infection. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased by 300% of original value in hepatopancreas, while in muscle the increase was only 30% of original value during 24 h of infection. No significant change in activity was noted in the case of aldolase. Even at moribund stage, the glycolytic pathway was not affected, as evident from the normal activity of aldolase observed in the present study.
Biochemical studies on the antiulcer effect of glucosamine on antioxidant defense status in experimentally induced peptic ulcer in rats
(The Society of Free radical Research, Japan, 2005) Santhosh, S.; Anandan, R.; Sini, T.K.; Mathew, P.T.; Thankappan, T.K.
The present study examined the antiucler effect of glucosamine on mucosal antioxidant defense system in ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats.The number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice, acid output, peasin activity, lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione conttent and the activities of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase)and antiperoxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase)were determined. Prior oral administration of glucosamine significantly prevented the ibuprofen-induced increases in the number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, volume of gastric juice and acidity .It also maintained the activity of pepsin at near normal level.Oral pretreatment of glucosamine exerted a significant antioxidant effect by preventing ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation and by maintaining the levelof reduced glutathione and the activities of muscosal antioxidant enzymes at near normalcy.The results of the present investigation indicate that the antiulcer activity of glucosamine is related to its ability to neutralize the hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach and to its antioxidant capability to inhit ibuprofen-induced lipid peroxidation.
Biochemical studies on the cardioprotective effect of glutamine on tissue antioxidant defense system in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Institute of Applied Biochemistry (Japan), 2007) Kumar, S.H.S.; Anandan, R.
Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms with a central role involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The protective effect of glutamine on myocardial antioxidant defense system was investigated during isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction, an animal model of myocardial infarction of human beings. Levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in heart tissue were determined. Injection of isoprenaline caused significant increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue. A parallel decline in the levels of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and GSH and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes in heart tissue was also observed. Prior oral administration of glutamine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced adverse effects and maintained myocardial antioxidant status at near normal status. The cardioprotective effect of glutamine is probably related to a strengthening of the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action, or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property, or to its ability to maintain near to normal status the activities of free radical scavenging enzymes and the level of GSH, which protect myocardial membrane against oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation.
Biochemical studies on the protective effect of betaine on mitochondrial function in experimentally induced myocardial infractio in rats
(Science and Academic Publishing, 2007) Ganesan, B.; Rajesh, R.; Anandan, R.; Dhandapani, N.
The present study was designed to examine the cardio-protective effect of betaine on mitochondrial function in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction in rats with respect to changes in the mitochondrial energy status and antioxidant defense system. Prior oral treatment with betaine significantly prevented the isoprenaline-induced elevation in the levels of diagnostic maeker enzymes [alamine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)] and homocysteine in plasma of the experimental group of rats.Its administration significantly counteracted the isoprenaline-induced aberrations in the myocardial energy status by maintaining the levels of myocardial ATP and betaine contents and the activities of mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes [isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malate dehydrogenase(MDH)] and respiratory marker enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase) at near normalcy. It also exerted an antioxidant effect against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction by blocking the induction of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO). A tendency to minimize the isoprenaline-induced alterations in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and in the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] and antiperoxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalse (CAT)] in the heart mitochondria was also observed. The results of the present study indicate that the overall cardioprotective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to maintain the myocardial energy status (ATP) at higher level by maintaining the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and respiratory marker enzymes at near normalcy, and/or to its free radical-scavenging ability against isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation, which is primarily responsible for the irreversible necrosis of the myocardial membrane.
Biocompatibility and histopathological evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles grafted fish gelatin bio‑nanocomposite membranes in rats
(Springer, 2021) Kumar Dara, Pavan; Raghavankutty, Mahadevan; Balaraman, Ganesan; Muhamed Ashraf, P.; Visnuvinayagam, S.; Tejpal, C. S.; Mathew, Suseela; Chandragiri Nagarajarao, Ravishankar; Rangasamy, Anandan
Biomodulation of biopolymeric materials for human healthcare is an active and promising area of research. In the present study, chitosan nanoparticles grafted fish gelatin bio-nanocomposite membranes were prepared and their physical and structural properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The particle size of the chitosan nanoparticles (Chi-NPs) was in the range of 83–193 nm. The porosity of bio-nanocomposite membranes was in the range of 50–58%. The swelling and equilibrium water content of composite membranes increased significantly. The microstructures of bio-nanocomposite membranes were welldefined with relatively smooth surface, interconnected pores and voids. The cytotoxicity of bio-nanocomposite membranes was investigated using L929 fibroblast cells, and results showed that the membranes were non-toxic and their cell viability percentages were substantially higher as compared to control. Implantation of these membranes was conducted by animal experimental studies, and the results confirmed that bio-nanocomposite membranes have the potential to embrace safety, cell promotion and proliferation. Histopathological examination suggested that the bio-nanocomposite membrane was completely absorbed and it had an ability to promote the formation of granulation tissue and enhance epithelialization. The results of the present investigation demonstrated that chitosan nanoparticles grafted fish gelatin bio-nanocomposite membranes have good potential for biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
Cardioprotective Effect of Squalene on Lipid Profile in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats
(Mary Ann Liebert, 2006) Sabeena Farvin, K.H.; Anandan, R.; Hari Senthil Kumar, S.; Shiny, K.S.; Mathew, Suseela; Sankar, T.V.; Viswanathan Nair, P.G.
We studied the cardioprotective effect of squalene on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats with respect to changes in the levels of lipid components in plasma and heart tissue. Prior administration of 2% squalene in feed for 45 days significantly reduced the isoprenaline-induced elevation in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in plasma and heart tissue of rats following myocardial infarction. It exerted an anitlipidemic effect by reducing the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with a parallel rise in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma of experimental rats. A tendency to prevent the isoprenaline-induced depletion of phospholipids in the myocardium of experimental rats was also observed. In the present study, the pretreatment with squalene significantly counteracted the isoprenaline- induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the rats at near normal status. The results of the present study indicate that the overall cardioprotective effect of squalene is probably related to an inhibition of lipid accumulation by its hypolipidemic properties and/or its antioxidant properties.

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