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3D-printed monolithic biofilters based on a polylactic acid (PLA) – hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite for heavy metal removal from an aqueous medium
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021) Fijol, Natalia; Abdelhamid, Hani Nasser; Pillai, Binsi; Hall, Stephen; Thomas, Nebu; Mathew, Aji P.
High flux, monolithic water purification filters based on polylactic acid (PLA) functionalised with fish scale extracted hydroxyapatite (HAp) were prepared by solvent-assisted blending and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), followed by twin-screw extrusion into filaments and processed via three-dimensional (3D) printing. The printed filters with consistent pore geometry and channel interconnectivity as well as homogenous distribution of HAp in the PLA matrix showed adsorption capabilities towards heavy metals i.e. cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) with maximum adsorption capacity of 112.1 mg gHAp−1 and 360.5 mg gHAp−1 for the metal salt of Pb and Cd, respectively. The adsorption was found to be driven by a combination of ion exchange, dissolution and precipitation on HAp and surface complexation.
Advancements in liposome technology: Preparation techniques and applications in food, functional foods, and bioactive delivery: A review
(WILEY, 2021) Kumaran Ajeeshkumar, Kizhakkeppurath; Appu Aneesh, Peruvazhipurath; Raju, Navaneethan; Suseela, Mathew; Narayanarao Ravishankar, Chandragiri; Benjakul, Soottawat
Liposomes play a significant role in encapsulation of various bioactive compounds (BACs), including functional food ingredients to improve the stability of core. This technology can be used for promoting an effective application in functional food and nutraceuticals. Incorporation of traditional and emerging methods for the developments of liposome for loading BACs resulted in viable and stable liposome formulations for industrial applications. Thus, the advance technologies such as supercritical fluidic methods, microfluidization, ultrasonication with traditional methods are revisited. Liposomes loaded with plant and animal BACs have been introduced for functional food and nutraceutical applications. In general, application of liposome systems improves stability, delivery, and bioavailability of BACs in functional food systems and nutraceuticals. This review covers the current techniques and methodologies developed and practiced in liposomal preparation and application in functional foods.
Amino Acid Composition of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Mohanty, B.; Mahanty, A.; Ganguly, S.; Sankar, T.V.; Chakraborty, K.; Anandan, R.; Paul, B.N.; Sarma, D.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Behera, B.K.; Aftabuddin, Md.; Debnath, D.; Vijayagopal, P.; Sridhar, N.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sahi, N.; Mitra, T.; Banerjee, S.; Paria, P.; Das, D.; Das, Pushpita; Vijayan, K.K.; Laxmanan, K.K.; Sharma, A.P.
Proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances; moreover, amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and plays important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, crude protein content and amino acid compositions of important food fishes from different habitats have been studied. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and information on 27 food fishes was generated. The analysis showed that the cold water species are rich in lysine and aspartic acid, marine fishes in leucine, small indigenous fishes in histidine, and the carps and catfishes in glutamic acid and glycine.The enriched nutrition knowledge base would enhance the utility of fish as a source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and aid in their inclusion in dietary counseling and patient guidance for specific nutritional needs.
Amphiphilic dendrimer as reverse micelle: synthesis, characterization and application as homogeneous organocatalyst
(Elsevier, 2019) Mole, P.B.S.; George, S.; Shebitha, A.M.; Kannan, V.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Sreekumar, K.
The core and surface terminal groups are the two main catalytic sites in a dendrimer. In most of the reported examples, the catalytic sites in dendritic catalysis are the surface terminal functional groups. This perspective article concerned with the dendrimer based catalysis, involving these two catalytic sites and the dendrimer cavities. The interior cavities provide the nanoscale reactor sites, by creating reverse micelle like appearance for catalysis. In exploring the significant achievements in this area, a low generation PAMAM dendrimer with amphiphilic nature, having a polymeric core with large number of pendent amino groups was synthesized and concentrated its catalytic activity. The key features with respect to positive and/or negative catalytic activity was highlighted by synthesizing various aryl and heteroaryl 2-substituted benzimidazoles. The synthesized dendritic organocatalyst was proved to be amazingly reactive and gave high yield of products within a few minutes at room temperature with low catalyst loading. Here, a new stable hemiaminal, the species rarely been detected and much less isolated in bulk, was obtained during the synthesis of benzimidazoles. Moreover, this is the first reported method for the synthesis of benzimidazoles, using the homogeneous PAMAM dendrimer as a basic organocatalyst
Anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats
(Pharma Intelligence, 2015) Louis, T.; Yuvaraj, P.; Madhavachandran, V.; Anandan, R.
To evaluate the anti diabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities of different extracts of Ailanthus malabarica stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Different extracts (hexane, ethanol and water, 50 mg/kg) of A. malabarica stem bark were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days and blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats were monitored at one week intervals. Lipid profiles of the treated diabetic rats were determined after the period of treatment. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats in 21 days treatment. The ethanol extract showed a comparable action with the reference drug, glibenclamide. The ethanol extract exerted a significant reduction in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and phospholipids, and increase in HDL levels of the diabetic rats. However, water and hexane extract of A. malabarica stem bark did not show any such beneficial effects. . These results suggest that the ethanol extract of A. malabarica stem bark possesses anti diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and this justifies its usage in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.
Anti-ulcerogenic effect of chitin and chitosan on mucosal antioxidant defence system in HCl-ethanol-induced ulcer in rats
(2004) Anandan, R.; Nair, P.G.V.; Mathew, S.
Antiaging effect of dietary chitosan supplementation on glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in young and aged rats
(Springer, 2013) Anandan, R.; Ganesan, B.; Obulesu, T.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K.K.; Lakshmanan, P.T.; Zynudheen, A.A.
Aging has been defined as the changes that occur in living organisms with the passage of time that lead to functional impairment and ultimately to death. Free radical induced oxidative damage has long been thought to be the present study, an attempt has been made to study the salubrious effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan significantly reduced the age-associated dyslipidemic abnormalities noted in the levels of total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in plasma and heart tissue. its administration significantly (P<0.05) attenuated the oxidative stress in the heart tissue of aged rats through the enzymatic (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) status at levels comparable to that of normal young rats. our results conclude that dietary intake of chitosan restores the depleted myocardial antioxidant status and suggest that it could be an effective therapeutic agent in treatment of age-associated disorders where hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress are the major causative factors.
Antioxidant and hepatoprotective property of squalene for counteracting the oxidative damage induced by methotrexate in experimental rats
(Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 2020) Sumi, Edakkukaran Sudhakaran; Dara, Pavan Kumar; Mannuthy, Rosemol Jacob; Ganesan, Balaraman; Anandan, Rangasamy; Mathew, Suseela
Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate drug, is extensively prescribed for patients suff ering from diseases like cancer, psoriasis, neoplasms, and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite its eff ectiveness, MTX sometimes fi nds limited application because its undesirable side eff ects, including hepatic or renal impairment, bone marrow toxicity and gastrointestinal mucosal injury. Squalene, a highly unsaturated isoprenoid compound, isolated from shark liver oil has great potential in neutralizing the damaging eff ects triggered by free radicals. Therefore, in this study, the protective role of dietary squalene supplementation on oxidative stress induced by methotrexate in experimental rats was evaluated. A signifi cant reduction was displayed in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Similarly, the activities of glutathione dependant enzymes (GPx and GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in MTX-induced groups were shown to be lower compared to the untreated control. Increased LPO (lipid peroxide) level was found in MTX-intoxicated groups compared to other groups. In addition, alterations in the levels of liver marker enzymes like AST, ALP, ALT, and LDH were noticed in MTX intoxicated groups compared to other groups. Biochemical results were confi rmed by the histopathological examination of liver sections. In conclusion, the result obtained in the present study proposes that squalene exerts antioxidant activity and is capable of ameliorating oxidative stress and liver injury induced by MTX.
Antioxidant defence of L-glutamine on mitochondrial function in experimentally induced myocardial infraction in rats
(Egyptian British Biological Society, 2013) Anandan, R.; Kumar, S.H.S.; Ganesan, B.; Mathew, S.; Lakshmanan, P.T.
Myocardial infraction is a major public health concern and the leading cause of all over the world. A better understanding of the processes involved in myocardial infraction has stimulated the search for biomolecules, which could limit the myocardial injury. we determined the protective activity of L-glutamine on mitochondrial function in isoprenaline induced myocardial infraction in rats, an animal model of myocardial infraction in man. Oral pre-treatment with glutamine significanly inhibited the isoprenaline-induced changes in the levels of troponin T and homocysteine in the plasma. It conserved the activities of tricarboxylic acid cyle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase) and respiratiory marker enzyme (NADH dehydrogenase) and the level of myocardial ATP content at levels comparable to that of normal controls. its also attenuated isoprenaline-induced oxidative stress in rat mitochondria and cardioprotective effect of glutamine can be correlated directly with its ability to activate the energy status and antioxidant defence system.
Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
(Springer-Verlag, 2010) Ganesan, B.; Buddhan, S.; Anandan, R.; Sivakumar, R.; Anbinezhilan, R.
We investigated the antioxidant preventive effect of betaine on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats. Isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction was manifested by a moderate elevation in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) and homocysteine in plasma of experimental rats. Significant rise in the level of lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decline in the levels of myocardial non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was also observed. Oral pretreatment with betaine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced alterations in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes and homocysteine in plasma of experimental groups of rats. It counteracted the isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the myocardial antioxidant defense system at near normal. Histopathological observations also confirmed the protective effect of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The results of the present investigation indicate that the protective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to strengthen the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property.
Antioxidant defense of fish collagen peptides attenuates oxidative stress in gastric mucosa of experimentally ulcer-induced rats
(Springer, 2021) K Vijayan, Divya; Sreerekha, P R; Kumar Dara, Pavan; Ganesan, B; Mathew, Suseela; Anandan, Rangasamy; Ravisankar, C N
The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of fish collagen peptides (FCP) from the skin of great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) to avert the occurrence of gastric ulcer in experimental rats. FCP treatment prevented the formation of ulcerative lesions on gastric tissues with 86% of inhibition. The histopathology analysis of gastric tissue revealed that the FCP intake prevented the occurrence of hemorrhage and erosion in gastric tissue with formation of mild edema and necrosis, as well as normalized the pH and volume of gastric juice. It also downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory marker interferon-ɤ (IFN-ɤ) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-4 (IL-4) in gastric tissue. FCP is capable to modulate the oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and by lowering the levels of membrane lipid peroxidation.
Antioxidant potential of water hyacinth (eichornia crassipes): In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic composition
(Taylor & Francis, 2013) Surendraraj, A.; Farvin, K.H.S.; Anandan, R.
The aims of the present study were (a) to extract and quantify the main phenolic acids and tocopherols from the petiole, leaves, and flowers of Eichornia crassipes; (b) to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the extracts in four in vitro systems (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging ability, iron chelating activity, reducing power, and prevention of oxidation in a liposome model system); and (c) its effectiveness in retarding lipid peroxidation in fish oil by accelerated stability test. Significant differences were observed in total and individual phenolic contents and in the antioxidant activities of extracts from the various parts of E. crassipes. Out of the 11 phenolic acids analyzed, ethanolic extracts contained high amounts of gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas, water extracts contained less amounts of a varied number of phenolic acids. Ethanolic extracts of flower, which contained the highest total phenolic content, were found to have high DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. However, ethanolic extracts of leaf exerted a high Fe2+ chelating activity and also inhibited lipid peroxidation process both in liposomes and fish oil. Our results demonstrate that E. crassipes, an underutilized aquatic weed, could be a potential natural antioxidant source for food, feed, and pharmaceutical applications.
Assessment of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and pesticide residues in domestic and imported pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fish in India
(Society of Chemical Industry, 2015) Chatterjee, N.S.; Banerjee, K.; Utture, S.; Kamble, N.; Madhusudana Rao, B.; Panda, S.K.; Suseela Mathew
The pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a ubiquitous item of seafood in global markets. However, pesticide residues in aquaculture fish, arising from agricultural run-off and/or direct application during pond preparation, pest control and harvest, are a potential food safety concern. This study assessed the level of chemical hazard in domestic and imported pangasius fish in India. A total of 119 contaminants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorines (OCs) and other groups of pesticides, were screened in 148 samples during 2014–2015 as the first endeavour of its kind in an Indian context, employing a validated gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) method. Apart from the low-level incidence of OCs, pesticides such as quinalphos, malathion, parathion-methyl, etc.weredetected in38%of the samples. Incomparisonwith Indian pangasius, fewer contaminants at low residue level were detected in pangasius fillets imported from Vietnam. The human dietary exposures of the residue concentrations detected were less than the maximum permissible intakes and hence appeared safe. However, detection of commonly used pesticides indicated their direct application in aquaculture and contamination from agricultural run-off. This emphasizes the need for continual residue monitoring in aquaculture fish.
Authentication of Two Bio-Active Fish Oils by Qualitative Lipid Profiling Using Semi-Targeted Approach: An Exploratory Study
(Journal of AOAC International, 2020) S. Chatterjee, Niladri; Singh, Akanksha; Vishnu, K .V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Ashok Kumar, K.; Mathew, Suseela
Background: Fish oils, which are rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have emerged as promising functional foods in the global health and wellness food market. Their source regarding the fish type, season, and location of harvesting might influence the nutritional value of such bioactive oils and determine their market price. The differences in price among such oils often lead to economically motivated mislabeling and adulteration. Objective: In this study, our objective was to demonstrate how a qualitative targeted shotgun lipid profile workflow using an electrospray ionization-quadrupole-linear ion trap MS (QTrap) could differentiate fish oils originating from two different species. Methods: Five samples each of sardine (Sardinella longiceps) oil and shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were diluted to a concentration of 80 µg/mL in chloroform-methanol (1 + 2, v/v) with 5 mM ammonium acetate. These samples were directly infused into a QTrap MS. The data were acquired for 23 precursor ion and 4 neutral loss scan experiments in the positive ionization mode and compared. Results: We identified the following major lipid classes: cholesteryl ester, diacyl glycerol, triacylglycerol, monoalkyldiacylglycerol, and phophatydyl choline. The relative peak areas of the identified lipid species, when subjected to supervised multivariate analysis, could effectively distinguish the sardine oil and shark liver oil. Conclusions: The approach will be useful in establishing authenticity of fish oil and to support the regulatory agencies in dispute resolution. It can also be extended to establish authenticity in other agricultural and food commodities. Highlights: This paper reports a proof of concept for authenticating PUFA-rich fish supplements. A shotgun targeted lipidomics profile and chemometrics modeling successfully discriminated sardine oil and shark liver oil.
Authentication of two bio-active fish oils by qualitative lipid profiling using semi-targeted approach: an exploratory study
(2020) Chatterjee, N.S.; Singh, A.; Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Kumar, K.A.; Mathew, S.
Baseline health risk assessment of trace metals in bivalve shellfish from commercial growing areas in the estuaries of Ashtamudi and Vembanad (Kerala, India)
(Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021-07-16) Shunmugavel, Chinnadurai; Carlos Jose Alexandre de Campos; Vaidhyanathan, Geethalakshmi; Vasant, Kripa; Kolliyil, Sunil Mohamed
Trace metal concentrations were monitored in the yellow clam (Paphia malabarica), green mussel (Perna viridis) and edible oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) from growing areas in the Ashtamudi and Vembanad estuaries, Kerala. Samples of shellfish (clams n=26, mussels n=18, oysters n=36) and environmental parameters (salinity, temperature, pH and rainfall) were measured in these growing areas from July 2012 to December 2014. Ranges of mean annual concentrations (mg/kg) were Ni (0.46–0.65); Co (2.87–3.49); Fe (80.0–119.4); Mn (3.88–9.38); Zn (40.8–76.2); Pb (1.28–2.00); and Cu (1.59–4.38). In Ashtamudi, clams had higher mean concentrations of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and Pb than oysters. Mean concentrations of Ni, Pb (in all species), Zn (in clams and mussels) and Cu (in mussels) did not exceed maximum permissible limits mandated by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. Mean Mn concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization guideline (1 mg/kg) in the three species while mean Fe concentrations in clams and oysters did not exceed the guideline (100 mg/kg). Target hazard quotients were generally ≤ 1, except for a few Pb results in clams and mussels. Although results suggest no health risk to consumers for the reference doses, daily intakes and elements considered, regular monitoring of trace metals is recommended to maintain consumer protection given increasing anthropogenic and climatic pressures on the shellfish growing areas.
Binary blend of maltodextrin and whey protein outperforms gum Arabic as superior wall material for squalene encapsulation
(Elsevier, 2021) Kumar Lekshmi, R.G.; Tejpal, C.S.; Anas, K.K.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Mathew, Suseela; Ravishankar, C. N.
The efficiency of high dextrose equivalent (DE) maltodextrin – whey protein isolate blend (MD-WPI) to perform as a delivery system for encapsulating squalene, a marine nutraceutical, was investigated by keeping gum Arabic (GA) as reference material. Rheological properties indicated that MD-WPI and GA based emulsions have pseudoplastic and dilatant behaviour respectively. Encapsulation efficiency of 96.50 ± 0.06% and 75.44 ± 0.09% was achieved when squalene was encapsulated using MD-WPI and GA respectively. MD-WPI based squalene has recorded the highest oxidative stability and better solubility attributes. Maximum squalene release was observed from MD-WPI coated squalene at the 4th h of digestion suggesting faster wall material dissolution. Other invitro release characteristics such as particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index also concurred with the above findings. It is concluded that high DE maltodextrin - whey protein blend can function superior to gum Arabic as a delivery system in terms of encapsulation, physico-chemical stability and in-vitro release attributes. Overall, the better stability and solubility aspects of MD-WPI based squalene powder indicates that it can find potent application as a functional food additive.
Biochemical and histopathological studies on lead nitrate induced toxicity in fresh water fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)
(Pelagia Research Library, 2015) Mary, S.C.H.; Bhuvaneswari, D.; Anandan, R.
Fish species were recently suggested as environmental biomarkers. Measuring heavy metals in aquatic organisms may be a bioindicators of their impact on organisms and ecosystem health. From bioaccumulation studies, the proportion of lead was found to be significantly higher in different tissues of fish. In the present study the acute toxicity of lead nitrate was analyzed by the exposure of the lead nitrate to the fresh water fish Grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) at the time interval of 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 96hrs in the concentration of (5.15 mg/l). The vital organs like Gill, Liver, and muscle tissues showed pronounced effect on the activity of enzymes GOT (Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), GPT (Glutamate pyruvate transaminase) ALP, and Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The antioxidant activity was also evaluated. A significant decreased in the activity of enzymes GOT, GPT, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) was noted. The enzymes ALP and ACP levels were found to be increased in all the tissues. Histopathological examination of liver, gill and muscle revealed the cellular degeneration, inflammation of the organs due to metal induced free radical generation and oxidative stress.
Biochemical and nutritional changes in fish protein during drying
(1995) Raghunath, M.R.; Sankar, T.V.; Ammu, K.; Devadasan, K.
Biochemical and nutritional changes in the muscle proteins of a lean marine fish Nempizerra japordeus during drying at 50, 60 and 70‘t were investigated. Solubility of proteins in water, 0-6 m NaCI, 1-5 M urea, it m urea and 10 g litre-1 sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS1 decreased as drying progressed at all three temperatures; most of the decrease occurring in the initial 4 h of drying. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 1.5 M urea, 8 m urea and SOS extracts showed that higher molecular weight (MW) protein fractions were more sensitive to drying and disappeared much earlier from electropherograms than the lower MW protein fractions. Residual Solubility of proteins near the pH range of 4 6 was found to increase during drying, but solubility at acid and alkaline pH was adversely affected. Decrease of solubility by drying was more affected at acid pH, especially at higher temperatures than at alkaline pH. Sulphydryl groups registered a regular and sharp decrease with drying except at 50°C, where initially an increase was observed. Apart from disulphide and hydrophobic bonds, free amino groups also appear to be involved in denaturation reactions during drying. Pepsin digestibility of fish muscle decreased slightly during drying but a clear relationship with drying temperature was not evident. Highly significant differences in proteins between protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilisation (NPU) and biological value were observed between the drying temperatures. The PER and NPU of fish dried at 60°C were significantly higher than those dried at 50 or 70°C.
Biochemical characterization of liver oil of echinorhinus brucus (bramble shark) and its cytotoxic effect on neuroblastoma cell lines (SHSY-5Y)
(2016) Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Suvanish Kumar; Shyni, K.; Jayarani, R.; Suseela Mathew
The objective of the present study was to characterize the liver oil extracted from the deep sea shark, Echinorhinus brucus, caught from Central Indian Ocean and to evaluate its cytotoxic effect on neuroblastoma cell line (SHSY-5Y). Characterization of liver oil of Echinorhinus brucus revealed the presence of palmitic acid (15%), oleic acid (12%), stearic acid (8%), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (18%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (16%). It was also found to be a good source of squalene (38.5%) and fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, and K (vitamin A: 17.08mg/100 g of oil, vitamin D: 15.04mg/100 g oil, and vitamin K: 11.45mg/100 g oil). Since it was found to be rich in essential fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins, and squalene, it can be considered as better dietary supplement.The oil of Echinorhinus brucus also showed high in vitro cytotoxic effect against the human neuroblastoma cell line (SHSY-5Y) and the IC50 value laid between 35 and 45 ng.

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