Journal articles (MFB)

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    Simplified procedure for the detection of hydrolysis of starch by bacteria
    (Current Science Association, 1964) Iyer, K.M.; Karthiayani, T.C.
    The recommended procedure is to flood the starch-incorporated solid medium containing the bacterial growth with Lugol's iodine is discussed here.
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    Sampling of frozen prawns for bacteriological estimation
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1964) Iyer, H.K.; Kaimal, P.N,R.; Pillai, V.K.
    Experiments were conducted to study the significance of difference between samples taken from the surface and interior of a frozen shrimp block, as well as to determine the size of sample necessary to represent the whole block, with respect to bacterial count determination. The results showed that the surface samples and interior samples did not differ significantly at 5% level of significance and that the minimum quantity representative of the block was (21-26) gms. in the case of a block weighing about 1300 gms. The procedure adopted for taking the bacterial count was the normal standard plate count method.
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    Investigations on sanitational aspects [microbiological] of prawn processing factories
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1965) Gopalakrishnan, T.S.; Choudhuri, D.R.
    Absence of regular cleaning has been found to result in heavy bacterial loads on the surfaces of utensils and other equipments used in prawn processing factories and peeling centres . Instance of high faecal contamination are also sometimes met with. Detailed investigations have shown that a cleaning schedule comprising of treatment of these surface with a detergent followed by application of an effective disinfectant like sodium hypochlorite would prevent such bacterial build up.
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    Factors influencing colour production from sugar medium used for rapid approximation of bacterial counts in fishery products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 1965) Mathen, C.; Choudhury, D.R.
    Results of the studies carried out to elucidate the factors influencing colour production from the sugar medium used for the rapid approximation of bacterial counts in fishery products are reported. The effect of particle size, trace elements, salt soluble protein and non-protein fractions, rate of mulipication of bacteria, in the medium, surface bacteria and the rate of colour production by individual strains of bacteria were studied. It is observed that the best results are obtained when a sea-water homogenate is used.
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    Survey of the microbiological quality of commercial frozen prawn products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 1965) Pillai, V.K.; Lekshmy, A.; Govindan, T.K.; Mathen, C.; Iyer, H.K.
    The paper presents the results of a bacteriological survey carried out on 2917samples of frozen prawn ,55 samples of raw material, 35 samples of water, 4 samples of ice and 42 samples of various equipments used for processing . The survey covered a period of three years (1960 - 63) and comprised of samples collected from five of the leading processing factories in Cochin . Frozen products tested consisted of headless (marine and fresh water), peeled and deveined and cooked frozen samples . Statistical analysis of the data shows that there is no significant variation between samples and between factories with respect to product quality . The standard plate count varied between 1 .0 X 104 and 1 .0 X 106 per gram for headless and between 1 .0 X 104 and 1 .0 X 107 for peeled and deveined and cooked frozen samples. Majority of the samples had bacterial load well within the limits prescribed for such products.
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    Bacteriological Investigations of Prawn Canneries I . Incidence of Aerobic Sporeformers
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 1971) Nambiar, V.N.; Iyer, K.M.
    A detailed bacteriological survey of the prawn canneries of Cochin area was carried out to study the nature and type of microorganisms present in the factory environs and their role in causing contamination of the canned products. About 26% of the total of 1030 strains isolated were found to be gram positive spore-formers of the Bacillus type, the cooling water being their major source. Similar types of organisms formed the major group often met with in defective canned prawn samples picked up from the factories for examination, thus establishing a correlation between bacterial characteristics and load of cooling water and can cantamination.
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    Bacterial Flora of Fresh and Iced Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger Kanagurta) and its Response to Chlortetracycline (CTC) Treatment
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1976) Surendran, P.K.; Iyer, K.M.
    Quantitative and qualitative studies on the bacterial flora of fresh Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) have been made. The total native flora as well as 5 ppm. CTC insensitive flora of the fish showed variations with season. About 90 % of the fresh fish flora was sensitive to 5 ppm . CTC. The natural flora of the fresh fish consisted of Vibrios, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Corynebacteria,Micrococci, Bacillus and yeasts . In the CTC insensitive flora, Vibrios predominated followed by yeasts . The selection of bacterial genera during storage of the fish in ice and in 5 ppm. CTC incorporated ice has also been investigated . At the time of spoilage, Pseudomonas were found to be the dominant flora of the fish stored in both types of ice .
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    Enteropathogenic E. coli and other coliforms in marine fish
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists India, Cochin, 1978) Panduranga Rao, C.C.; Gupta, S.S.
    One hundred and twenty six samples of marine fish (96 from landing centre and 30 from retail market) and swabs from deck surfaces of 34 fishing boats were examined for coliforms including enteropathogenic E. coli . Forty out of 96 fish samples from landing centre, 24 out of 30 from retail market and 11 out of 34 fishing boats revealed coliforms. On further tests, 5, 7 and 4 coliform isolates from the three groups respectively were found to be E. coli . Two of the E. coli isolates, one from sciaenids and one from cat fish, were found to be enteropathogenic serotypes 055 and 0111. Enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli are reported from sciaenids and cat fish for the first time in this country.
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    Bacterio!ogy of Spoi!age of Canned Prawns
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1980) Nambiar, V.N.
    Spoilage characteristics of different types of bacteria isolated from bacteriologically defective cans and processing factory environs were studied by inoculating pure cultures into sterile prawn meat. The pattern of spoilage, production of off odour, bulging of the cans and disintegration of meat were observed. Data on spoilage under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions are presented. Most of the cultures produced some kind of spoilage, though differences were observed in the extent of spoilage produced by different types of bacteria. Gram positive spore formers were found to be the major spoilers and the extent of spoilage was more with mixed cultures.
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    Effect of incubation period on plate count of raw iced and frozen fish
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1983) Thampuran, N.; Iyer, H.K.; Iyer, K.M.
    The total viable counts were estimated in 165 samples of raw, iced and frozen fish using incubation periods of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. For raw fish, 24 h and for iced and frozen fish 48 h incubation of the plates were found to be adequate. Variation between samples was significant at 1% level for raw, iced and frozen samples.
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    Faecal Indicator Bacteria - an Appraisal of its Present Status
    (Seafod Export Association of India, 1983) Iyer, T.S.G.
    An attempt has been made for the study of faecal indiacator bacteria.
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    Selection of suitable diluents for bacteriological examination of fishery products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 1985) Thampuran, N.; Iyer, H.K.; Iyer, K.M.
    For raw, iced and frozen samples of fish and prawn, significant difference was observed in total plate counts done with various diluents, the significance level ranging from 5% to 0.1% . For raw fish, N-saline, seawater and quarter strength Ringers' solution gave maximum total plate counts . In the case of iced-fish, n-saline yielded highest total plate counts . For frozen samples, however, peptone water and n-saline gave good recoveries . Trials with suitable ecombinations of diluents showed that though some of them were as good as the control, namely n-saline, none were superior in any way .
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    Comparison of media and methods for the detection and enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in seafoods
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 1987) Lalitha, K.V.; Iyer, H.K.; Iyer, K.M.
    Three direct plating methods and two most probable number (MPN) procedures were compared for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in seafoods: the sulfite-cycloserine (SC) agar, sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine (SPS) agar, tryptone-sulfite-neomycin (TSN) agar, LS medium MPN procedure and iron milk MPN procedure. Isolates were confirmed as C. perfringens . The two MPN procedures compared very well with the three plating media tested with stock culture of C. perfringens from a laboratory collection and the reference strain NCIB 6125. But in fish samples, the two liquid media were found to be more sensitive and hence the MPN procedure using LS medium for the detection of C. perfringens in seafoods is suggested.
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    Bacterial Flora of some Fishes of Maharashtra and Saurashtra Coasts (India)
    (Springer, 1989) Beri, H.K.; James, M.A.; Solanki, K.K.
    Native microflora in didirrerent varieties of fishes available along Maharashtra and Sourashtra Coasts in India were studies during 1983-1987. The flora of fishes studied were Saurida tumbil, Nemipterus, Lepturocenthus savala, chirocentrus dorah and Coilia dussumeri. The groups of bacteria, belonged to Vibrio, Acinetobacter, pseudomonas, Micrococus, Sarcina, Flavobacterium and Cytophaga species. Sometimes anaerobes were also isolated from the fish intestines.
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    Studies on spoilage of commercially important tropical fishes under iced storage
    (Elsevier, 1989) Surendran, P.K.; Joseph, J.; Shenoy, A.V.; Perigreen, P.A.; Iyer, K.M.; Gopakumar, K.
    Iced storage of five commercially important species of tropical fish, namely oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes)), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier)), pearl spot (green chromide) (Etroplus suratensis (Bloch)), milk fish (Chanos chanos (Forsskal)) and tilapia (Oreochromis mosambica (Peters)) was studied. Oil sardine and Indian mackerel had an acceptable iced storage shelf life of nearly 1 week and pearl spot, milk fish and tilapia nearly 2 weeks. During storage in ice there was a selection of bacterial types, and by the time incipient spoilage was noticed one or two species of bacteria constituted the bulk of the flora. In all these fishes, the spoilage flora were composed mainly of a single genus of bacteria, namely Pseudomonas.
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    Studies on the incidence of vibrio cholerae in fishery products
    (Springer, 1989) Varma, P.R.G.; Iyer, T.S.G.; Joseph, M.A.; Zacharia, S.
    The incidence of Vibrio cholerae in fishery products collected from Kerala and Tamil Nadu coasts (India) during 1986-87 is reported. V. cholerae 01 was present to the extent of 0.2% of raw fishery products, whereas V. Cholerae non 01 was present in 26.3% of raw and 12.14% of frozen products.
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    Distribution of Clostridium perfringens in Fishes and Prawns
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Cochin, 1990) Lalitha, K.V.; Unnithan, G.R.; Iyer, K.M.
    Examination of skin and shell of raw fishes and prawns, collected from local landing centres and markets in Kerala (India) revealed the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens on 47 of the 66 samples. Only 27 samples showed presence of C. perfringens in the guts. Incidence of C. perfringens was high in prawn guts. C. perfringens formed less than one percent of the total clostridial population on fishes and prawns.
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    Isolation of clostridium botulinum from tropical fish
    (Society for Applied Bacteriology, Blackwell Publishing, 1990) Lalitha, K.V.; Iyer, K.M.
    Thirty-two samples of fish and shell-fish were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum . Clostridium botulinum type B was detected in one sample. Clostridium botulinum type E was not found in any of the samples tested.
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