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Anti-viral properties of carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide derived from marine red algae against Covid 19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection- Future prospective
(IJSEAS, 2021) P, Amruth; P., Akshay; Jacob M., Rosemol; Anandan, R.; Mathew, Suseela
The novel coronavirus (nCoV) disease COVID-19, triggered by SARS-CoV-2 is a major threat caused to the public health in the 21th century. Combating the same is a herculean challenge for the scientific world. This is represented as the third corona virus outbreak in preceding 20 years, followed by SARS (2002- 2003) and MERS (2012). However, there is no clinically effective drugs against COVID-19 virus infection. For International medical community, development of effective drugs to avoid and cure a viral attack is an urgent requisite during this time. As a consequence, we have piloted an organised review presenting the anti-viral prospective of carrageenan, a sulphated galactan derived from red seaweed. Sulphated polysaccharides are demonstrated as potential antiviral that can intrude the initial stages of viral infections, have wide prospects in anti-corona virus applications. Carrageenan and its oligosaccharides are well reported for its anti-viral properties; chiefly via the obstruction of the attachment stage of virus. The current review presents the survey of antiviral prospective of carrageenan and aims to provide new approach to researchers for exploring seaweed polysaccharides to develop effective therapy against strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Antioxidant, functional properties and amino acid composition of pepsin-derived protein hydrolysates from whole tilapia waste as influenced by pre-processing ice storage
(2017) Tejpal, C.S.; Vijayagopal, P.; Elavarasan, K.; Linga Prabhu, D.; Lekshmi, R.G.K.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Mathew, S.
Biochemical and microbiological characteristics of salt fermented Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2005) Majumdar, R.K.; Basu, S.; Anandan, R.
Lona ilish is a salt fermented product from Hilsa is very popular in Bangladesh and norteastern part of India due to its typical flavour and aroma. Biochemical composition including amino acid profile of both raw hisa fish lona ilish has been studied. A significant variation was observed in amino acid profile of the product as compared to the raw fish. Bacterial flora of the fermented product comprised of Micrococcus and Bacillus species.
Biochemical changes in fish feeds and ingredients during storage
(Society of Fisheries Techonologists (India), 2004) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
The changes in major biochemical components of three fish feeds (1000 Grower 15+, 3000 Grower and 6000 Grower A) and three feed ingredients (Indian fish meal, Danish fish meal and wheat flour) during storage for six months are reported. There was no significant change in total protein content either in fish feeds or their ingredients during the storage period. But a significant reduction in crude fat content was noticed in both feeds and ingredients upon storage. Histamine content! of feeds and their ingredients was found to be increasing till the fourth month of storage. Significant decline in the levels of various amino acids was also observed. Unsaturated fatty acids and most of the saturated fatty acids decreased in stored ingredients. But in feeds only a marginal decrease in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids was observed. The results indicate that storage considerably reduces the nutritive value of the feeds and at the same time produces toxic compounds such as biogenic amines.
Biochemical Composition and Heavy Metal Content of Selected Marine Fish from the Gulf of Mannar, India
(Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, India, 2015) Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Visnu, K.V.; Remyakumari, K.R.; Navaneethan, R.; Asha, K.K.; Ganesan, B.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Anandan, R.; Suseela Mathew
Biochemical composition of five marine fish; grey bamboo shark, yellow margin trigger fish, paleedged stingray, laced moray and Japanese leatherjacket fish from the Gulf of Mannar, India were evaluated. Moisture, protein, lipid and ash content for the samples ranged between 75.07-76.74, 17.99-20.97, 1-3.5 and 1.46-1.93% respectively. Profiles of heavy metal, fatty acid and amino acid data were also collected. The predominant fatty acids recorded in all five species were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitic acid. All five species contain high content of different essential and non-essential amino acids namely glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, serine and lysine. Significant amount of iron (13-50 ppm), zinc (2.5-10.5 ppm) and copper (0.18-4.03 ppm) were found in all the fishes. Among heavy metals, cadmium (0.05-0.1 ppm) was detected which is below permissible limit.
Biochemical composition and nutritive value of common fish feed ingredients of plant and animal origin
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2003) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
Formulated fish feed has a very important role in the field of intensive fish farming. Therefore it is essential to assess biochemical and nutritional composition of the ingredients used in the manufacture of the feed to formulate a feed according to the nutritional requirements of fish. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the biochemical composition of some of the common feed ingredients, of both plant origin (Commercial wheat flour, Wheat gluten, Wheat bran, Commercial maida, Commercial atta, Maize, Maize bran, Soya flour and Rice flour) and animal origin (Indian fish meal, Danish fish meal, Peruvian fish meal and Shrimp head meal). A greater amount of variation was observed in the moisture content among ingredients ranging from 4.8-12.8%. The total protein content except in the case of wheat gluten ,and soya flour was lower in ingredients from plant sources. The essential amino acid composition was also found to be lower in proteins of plant origin when compared to that of animal proteins. The fatty acid analysis of the feed ingredients showed that the n-3 fatty acids were present in higher concentration in all fishmeals and shrimp head meal as compared to ingredients of plant origin. C sub(16:0), C sub(18:0) and C sub(18:2) were the major fatty acids present in the lipids of the ingredients of plant origin, accounting for more than 80%. In the present study, the notable difference was observed between ingredients of plant and animal origin with respect to the proportion of essential amino acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C sub(20:5) and C sub(22:6)) indicating that ingredients of animal origin were superior in nutritional composition as compared to the ingredients derived from plants.
Biochemical composition and nutritive value of common fish feeds available in cochin area
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India),Cochin, 2003) Kavitha, O.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Nair, P.G.V.
The biochemical composition of some of the feeds used in aquaculture is reported. Four grower feeds and 19 other locally available feeds were used for the study. Moisture content varied from 6.3-12.4%; and protein content from 22.4 to 46.9% and mineral content varied from 5.3 to 24.2%. Some of the feeds were found to be very low in fat content (1%). Variations in the proportions of the amino acids in the grower feeds were to a limited extent only. But fatty acid analysis showed great variation among greater feeds. C18:3 was not present in any of the samples analyzed. The level of C20:5 was very low in one of the samples and the same feed was with low level of C22:6 (1.7%). The study points out the need for formulating the fish feed on the basis of the nutritional requirements of fish.
Biochemical composition of myctophid species diaphus watasei and myctophum obtusirostre caught from Arabian sea
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 2013) Rajamoorthy, K.; Pradeep, K.; Anandan, R.; Libin, B.; Sankar, T.V.; Lakshmanan, P.T.
An attempt was made to evaluate the biochemical composition of myctophid fishes Diaphus watasei and Myctophum obtusirostre collected from Arabian Sea (8°30’50"N - 9°07’50"N lat and 75°49’20"E - 75°58’60"E long). The moisture content in D. watasei was significantly lower (63.19 ± 0.47%) compared to M. obtusirostre (71.32%), while fat content was significantly higher in D. watasei (15.13%) compared to M obtusirostre (3.54%). Protein also comprised significant proportions in these myctophids, contributing 21.40% in D. watasei and 22.64% in M. obtusirostre, with substantial amount of essential amino acids. The foremost amino acid was glutamic acid in both the species. Ash content was significantly higher in M. obtusirostre (3.06%) compared to D. watasei (1.33%). The present study indicates that both species contain good quantity of essential amino acids required for human nutrition.
Comparison of lipid profile in three species of myctophids from south West Coast of Kerala
(Springer, 2014) Baby, L.; Sankar, T.V.; Anandan, R.
Three important myctophid species of fish viz., Diaphus watasei, Diaphus luetkeni and Myctophum obtusirostre from commercial deep-sea shrimp trawlers operated off Quilon, Kerala, India were collected and analysed for lipid profile to elucidate its importance a dietary component with a view to understand its health benefits. Immediately after catch the fishes were iced immediately and were transported to the laboratory in 24 hours. The lipid profile of myctophids showed that they are rich in triacylglycerides (TAG). Saturated fatty acids were the predominated fatty acids (45–47 %) followed by monounsaturated (27–31 %) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (21–25 %). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid were major PUFAs. Myctophids were a good source of fat soluble vitamins.
Development of thiamine and pyridoxine loaded ferulic acid-grafted chitosan microspheres for dietary supplementation
(2016) Chatterjee, N.S.; Anandan, R.; Navitha, M.; Asha, K.K.; Ashok Kumar, K.; Mathew, S.; Ravishankar, C.N.
Development of thiamine and pyridoxine loaded ferulic acid-grafted chitosan microspheres for dietary supplementation
(Springer, 2016) Chatterjee, N.S.; Anandan, R.; Mary, Navitha; Asha, K.K.; Ashok kumar, K.; Suseela Mathew; Ravishankar, C.N.
Therapeutic potential of water soluble vitamins has been known for long and in recent times they are being widely supplemented in processed food. Phenolic acid-grafted chitosan derivatives can serve as excellent biofunctional encapsulating materials for these vitamins. As a proof of concept, thiamine and pyridoxine loaded ferulic acid-grafted chitosan microspheres were developed. Ferulic acid was successfully grafted on chitosan by a free radical mediated reaction and the structure was confirmed by FTIR and NMR analysis. When compared to FTIR spectra of chitosan, intensity of amide I (at around 1644 cm−1) and amide II (at around 1549 cm−1) bands in spectra of ferulic acid-grafted chitosan were found increased, indicating formation of new amide linkage. Strong signals at δ=6.3–7.9 ppm corresponding to methine protons of ferulic acid were observed in NMR spectra of ferulic acidgrafted chitosan, suggesting the successful grafting of ferulic acid onto chitosan. Grafting ratio of the derivative was 263 mg ferulic acid equivalent/g polymer. Positively charged particles zeta potential 31 mv) of mean diameter 4.5 and 4.8 μ, corresponding to number distribution and area distribution respectively were observed. Compact microspheres with smooth surfaces and no apparent cracks or pores were observed under scanning electron microscope. Efficient microencapsulation was further proved by X-ray diffraction patterns and thermal analysis. Preliminary anti-inflammatory activity of the vitamin-loaded microspheres was demonstrated.
Effect of fish protein on isoprenaline - induced alterations in lipid and antioxidant status in adipose tissue of rats
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2008) Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Nair, P.G.V.
The present study was designed to examine the protective effect of 20% fish protein in adipose tissue of isoprenaline-treated male albino rats. The protective effect was determined based on the following criteria: total body and adipose tissue weight, protein concentration in adipose tissue, total lipid in adipose tissue, concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids of serum and adipose tissue and anti-peroxidative enzymes in adipose tissue. Fish protein feeding brought about a significant decrease in the total body weight and adipose tissue weight and in levels of adipose tissue total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids. Fish protein fed rats showed significant rise in adipose tissue protein content. It also prevented a rise in antiperoxidative enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase and elevated the levels of reduced glutathione which indicates that fish protein protects against lipid peroxidation. Fish protein feeding has also led to lowering of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids and increased the proportion of HDL cholesterol. The protective effect of fish protein is believed to be due to its unique amino acids content namely, the reduced methionine: glycine and lysine: arginine ratios and increased sulphur containing amino acids.
Extraction and characterization of acid soluble collagen (ASC) from airbladder of striped cat fish(Pangasius hypophthalmus)
(2018) Vijayan, D.K.; Sreerekha, P.R.; Tejpal, C.S.; Asha, K.K.; Mathew, S.; Ravishankar, C.N.; Anandan, R.
The aim of the present study was to extract high pure acid soluble collagen (ASC) from the airbladder of striped cat fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). ASC was extracted and its physico-chemical characterization was carried out to confirm the purity and structural integrity of extracted collagen. The yield of ASC extract was determined to be 73.4±0.8% of the dry weight of raw material. Amino acid analysis revealed the glycine content as 243.0±1.3 residues/1000 residues, imino acids as 186.1±1.4 residues/1000 residues respectively and was shown to be devoid of non-collagenous amino acids such as tryptophan. Electrophoretic analysis confirmed the subunit pattern of type I collagen and showed that it also contained β and ɤ subunits. UV/Vis absorption and FT-IR analysis demonstrated the primary and secondary structural integrity of collagen and also indicated that no denaturation had occurred during extraction process. 1H-NMR analysis validated the structural integrity of collagen triple helix. The denaturation temperature (Td) of ASC was assessed as 33.3 °C. The air bladder collagen extracted from striped cat fish is of high purity and belongs to type I with intact triple helical structure
Fatty Acid Profile of Yellowfin Tuna Eye (Thunnus albacares) and Oil Sardine Muscle (Sardinella longiceps)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), 2016) Renuka, V.; Anandan, R.; Suseela, M.; Ravishankar, C.N.; Sivaraman, G.K..
In the present study, fatty acid profile of yellowfin tuna eye (YFTE) was investigated. Proximate analysis of YFTE revealed the presence of high fat content (12.0%) and moderate protein content (10.2%). A comparison was made between the fatty acid composition of YFTE and sardine oil. Higher poly unsaturated fatty acid content was found in YFTE (48.8%) compared to oil sardine (30.0%). Ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content to the total fatty acids of YFTE was 36.72% which was higher compared to oil sardine (8.67%). However, EPA content of oil sardine was higher (16.8%) than YFTE (7.07%). DHA/EPA ratio and n-3/n-6 ratio of YFTE were 5.25 and 8.97 respectively. Palmitoleic acid was the principal mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) present in YFTE and oil sardine. The present study revealed that yellow fin tuna eye could be a potential source of omega-3 fatty acids.
Influence of vitamin C on hematololy of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) juveniles during pre and post-challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester, 1901)
(Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin, 2018) Daniel, N.; Muralidhar, A.P.; Srivastava, P.P.; Jain, K.K.; Prasad, K.P.; Anandan, R.; Manish, J.
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to know the effect of vitamin C on the hematological responses of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles during pre- and post-challenge conditions with Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of seven purified diets were prepared with 0 (control), 17.5 (T1), 35 (T2), 70 (T3), 175 (T4), 350 (T5) and 700 (T6) mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalent per kg of diet, supplied as Lascorbyl- 2-polyphosphate (LAPP) and fed to triplicate group of P. hypophthalmus juveniles (mean initial body weight: 3.23±0.01 g to 3.38±0.01 g) for 60 days twice daily. After the feeding and after challenging with A. hydrophila, the haematological parameters were measured in P. hypophthalmus juveniles. All haematological parameter values (except albumin-globulin ratio) viz., serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total white blood cells count (WBC), hematocrit value (HCT) increased significantly (p<0.05) in treatment groups than control (vitamin C depleted diet). Further, the increased hematological values for most of the parameters were observed in the range of 175 to 350 mg AA kg-1. Therefore, it is suggested that dietary supplementation of 175 to 350 mg AA kg-1 diet would be beneficial for the optimal hematological responses for P. hypophthalmus juveniles
Nutritional composition, quality and hazards profiling of commercial post-larval feeds used in Litopenaeus vannamei hatcheries
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2015) Murthy, L.N.; Madhusudana Rao, B.; Anandan, R.; Suseela Mathew; Lakshmanan, P.T.; Prasad, M.M.
Nutritional profile and quality of commercial post-larval (PL) feeds (n=9), zoea feeds (n=2), mysis feeds (n=2) and artemia cysts (n=2) of different brands used in Litopenaeus vannamei hatcheries located in Andhra Pradesh on the east coast of India were assessed. The moisture content of PL feeds ranged between 6.48 and 11.04%. Average protein and fat content of PL feed was distinctly lower than zoea feed, mysis feed and artemia. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were lower than unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in all the hatchery feeds. Palmitic acid-C16 (7.09%) and tricosylic acid-C23 (6.29%), were the dominant SFA; oleic acid-C18:1 (38.92%) was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA); linolenic acid-C18:3 (9%) and docosahexaenoic acid DHA-C22:6 (8.53) were the prominent monounsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) recorded in PL feeds. Eicosapentaenoic acid EPA-C20:5 content in PL feed was low (1.15%). Essential amino acids (EAA) ranged between 22.3 and 41.53% in PL feeds. The monoamino dicarboxylic acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) constituted nearly 35% of the total amino acids in PL feeds. The organochlorine pesticide, HepEpo was detected in one mysis feed sample at 7.05 ppb level. Chloramphenicol was detected in two PL feed samples at a high level of 112.5 ppb and 453 ppb. Cd content was more than 1ppm in PL, zoea and mysis feeds. Pb content was less than 1ppb in all the hatchery feeds. APC ranged between 20 and 560 cfu g-1. Total Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and molds were detected only in one PL feed (20 cfu g-1). The study revealed the need for good manufacturing practices (GMP) and screening of all feed components for antibiotics, pesticide residues and heavy metals.
Organochlorine Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Heavy Metals Residues in Myctophids off South West Coast of India
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), 2016) Sankar, T.V.; Baby, L.; Anandan, R.
Though myctophids are widely distributed in the Indian oceanic waters and contribute to a large proportion of the deep-sea fish biomass, the information regarding the presence of lipophilic chemical contaminants and heavy metals in these lipid-rich lantern fishes are relatively scanty. Analyses on the occurrence of heavy metals, organochlorine (OCPs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in myctophids from Indian waters showed presence of organochlorine pesticides in Diaphus watasei, Diaphus luetkeni and Myctophum obtusirostre. The prominent pesticides detected in the fish tissue include endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, α-BHC and heptachlor. Dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were detected in M. obtusirostre while DDT isomers in D. luetkeni. The total PCB levels followed the order D. luetkeni> D. watasei>M. obtusirostre and 2, 2’, 3’, 4, 5 – pentachlorobiphenyl and 2, 3, 3’, 4’, 6- pentachlorobiphenyl. Trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) Composition is comparable with other fish species reported and followed the order D. luetkeni> M. obtusirostre> D. watasei. Results showed that POPs and heavy metal levels in myctophid species studied were much below the regulatory limits.
Protective Effects of Echinorhinus brucus Liver Oil against Induced Inflammation and Ulceration in Rats
(Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, India, 2015) Vishnu, K.V.; Ajeeshkumar, K.K.; Asha, K.K.; Remyakumari, K.R.; Ganesan, B.; Anandan, R.; Chatterjee, N.S.; Suseela Mathew
Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of Bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were examined in rats. The oil showed significant proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the percentages of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) being 16 and 18% respectively. The study also revealed that liver oil had a very favourable n3:n6 ratio of 4.7. Oral administration of shark liver oil at 1g kg-1 concentration significantly attenuated the formalin-induced paw edema in experimental rats. It exerted potent anti-ulcer effect against acid-ethanol mixturemediated lesion formation in the rat gastric mucosa.
Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profiling of Four Marine Fish Species of Gujarat Coast
(Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), 2016) Sivaraman, G.K.; Renuka, V.; Jha, A.K.; Susmitha, V.; Sreerekha, P.R.; Vimaladevi, S.; Asha, K.K.; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Mohanthy, B.P.
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, AMINO ACID AND FATTY ACID PROFILES OF COMMERSON’S ANCHOVY (STOLEPHORUS COMMERSONII) AND INDIAN MACKEREL (RASTRELLIGER KANAGURTA)
(connect Journals, 2012) Aneesh, P. A.; Varkey, Jones; Anandan, R.; Mathew, S.; Asha, K. K.; Lakshmanan, P. T.; Sankar, T. V.
Proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition and mineral status of Commerson’s anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) and Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) were examined. It is observed that the amino acid composition and fatty acid profile of low value Commerson’s anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) is comparable to that of Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta). It is found to be rich in all essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in balanced proportions. It is also containing minerals, macro elements and trace elements in significant proportions. The results of the present study indicate that both Commerson’s anchovy and Indian Mackerel contain all nutrients in balanced proportions essentially required for the growing children and pregnant women.

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