Peer Reviewed Journal Articles (National) (M,F&B)

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    Behaviour of marine microflora towards antibiotics - I. Sensitivity towards chlorotetracycline (CTC)
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1971) Surendran, P. K.; MahadevaIyer, K.
    The sensitivity of 61 cultures of bacteria isolated from !fish towards chlortetracycline (CTC) at 5 ppm and 20 ppm levels lhas been determined on two solid media, viz; sea water agar (SW A) and a distilled water based medium consisting of peptone, beef extract, glucose and NaCI (PBGA). The cultures employed consisted of (i) gram-negative rods of marine origin viz; Achromobacler, Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Flavobacterium and (ii) gram positive orga• nisms viz; Micrococci and Corynebacterium. Depending on the inhibition zone diameter, the order of CTC sensitivity was found to be Pseudomonas < Vibrio < Achromobacter as determined on PBGA at CTC levels of 5 and 20 ppm. The SWA enhanced the development of resistance in majority of the cultures as compared to PBGA. PBG broth containing CTC at less than 10 ppm exerted a bacteriostatic effect only while that containing 10 ppm or more exerted a bactericidal effect on Achromobacter, Pseudomonas and Micrococci cultures. The significance of these results in fish preservation by CTC is discussed.
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    Studies on isolation of Salmonella from seafoods - I. Comparison of enrishment and selective media for recovery of salmonella from fish
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1972) Arul James, M.; MahadevaIyer, K.
    Three enrichment broths and six plating media were compared for efficiency of detection of Salmonella in the presence of high numbers of Conforms (105/ml) and proteus (103/m1) from artificially inoculated fish samples. Recovery experiments with Salmonellaanatum S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis indicated that the two enrichment broths viz. Dulcitol Selinite (DSE) and Selinite Cystine (SC) were equally efficient. Further, the viability of Salmonella, inoculated into fish muscle and kept at 40 C for 48 hours, was found to be not affected by the low temperature storage. Selective plating media like Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD), Brilliant Green Sulphadiazine agar (BGS) and Brilliant Green agar (BG) were found to be superior in performance to Salmonella-Shigella agar: (SS) and Bismuth Sul phite agar (BiS).
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    Bacteriological investigations of prawn canneries - II. Incidence of Clostridium perfringens
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1973) Narayanan Nambiar, V.; MahadevaIyer, K.
    Prawn processing factories of the three major fish processing centres of the West Coast of India, viz., Cochin, Mangalore and Calicut were surveyed to determine the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in processing areas, and in processed products. Direct plating on Sulphite -polymyxin- sulphadiazine Agar and enrichment techniques were used. Samples of prawn, prawn guts, frozen prawns, canned prawns, water, ice, swab from utensils and soil from the factory premises were examined. Among a total of 461 samples examined, only 32 (6.9%) gave positive results. The incidence of C. pe1jringens was more in prawn guts (80%), followed by soil (50%), prawn (38%), ice (33.3%), frozen prawns (11%), swab (5.0%) and water (1.1%). No C. perfringens was isolated from canned prawns.
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    Morphological,biochemical and growth characteristics of serratia strains isolated from sardine [Sardinella longiceps]
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), 1974) Nambiar, V.N.; Surendran, P.K.; Iyer, M.K
    Two aerobic, gram-negative asporogenous, red-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterial strains were isolated from oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) . Their morphological, biochemical and growth characteristics are reported . The pigment was identified to be a prodigiosene . The strains were found to resemble Serratia plyinuthica . Effect of temperature and certain carbohydrates on pigmentation was also studied . Iron was found to inhibit pigmentation, and mannitol or sorbitol removed such inhibition.
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    Enteropathogenic E. coli and other coliforms in marine fish
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1978) Rao, C.C.P.
    One hundred and twenty six samples of marine fish (96 from landing centre and 30 from retail market) and swabs from deck surfaces of 34 fishing boats were examined for coliforms including enteropathogenic E. Coli. Forty out of 96 fish samples from landing centre, 24 out of 30 from retail market and 11 out of 34 fishing boats revealed coliforms. On further tests, 5, 7 and 4 coliform isolates from the three groups respectively were found to be E. coli. Two of the E. coli. isolates, one from sciaenids and one from cat fish, were found to be enteropathogenic serotypes 055 and 0111. Enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli are reported from sciaenids and cat fish for the first time in this country.
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    Studies on the growth temperature ranges of bacteria isolated from fresh sardine at different primary incubation temperatures
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1979) Nirmala Thampuran; Mahadeva Iyer, K.
    The effect of primary incubation temperature on the growth temperature range was studied with reference to 296 bacterial cultures isolated from sardine using streak plate technique. The primary incubation temperature used during bacteriological sampling caused a selection of strains according to their growth temperature requirements. Incubation at 8°C caused greater recoveries of psychrotrophs while 3rC favoured mesophiles. An incubation temperature of 30°C facilitated the growth of both psychrotrophs and mesophiles.
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    Isolation of salmonella larochelle for the first time in India
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1981) Iyer, T.S.G.; Damle, S.P.
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    The influenceof plating technique and incubation temperature on bacterial count from fish and fishery products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1981) Nirmala Thampuran; Iyer, H.K.; Iyer, K.M.
    For bacterial sampling of raw unprocessed fish and frozen fishery products, spread plate method is preferable to pour plate method; incubation of plates at 30°C gives a higher count than incubation at 37°C. Analysis of variance of the data shows that sample variation between different types of fishes is highly significant whereas the variations between triplicate plates is not significant at 5 % level.
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    The bacteriology of oil sardine (sardinella longiceps) and mackerel (rastrelliger kanagurta) caught from tropical waters off Cochin - I - quantitative aspects
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1982) Surendran, P.K.; Gopakumar, K.
    The total aerobic viable plate counts (TPCs) of skin, gills and intestine of newly caught oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and Indian mackerel ( Rastrelliger kanagurta) at four different temperatures, namely 36 ± 1°C , 28 ±2°C (RT), 8 ± 1°C and 1 ±1°C , are reported. The total plate count at RT of the skin of oil sardine and Indian mackerel were in the range of lOS to 107 and 104 to 106 per cm2, that of gills in the range of 105 to lOB and 104 to lOB per g and that intestine in the range of 10s to 109 and 105 to 108 per g respectively. The TPCs were markedly affected by the incubation temperature. Incubation at 28±2°C gave the highest count; at 36± 1°C and 8 ± 1°C , the counts decreased by nearly 1-2 log. cycles from that at RT. Incubation at 1 ± 1°C registered the lowest count. The peak values for bacterial counts of these fishes occurred at different periods of the year.
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    Bacterial Flora of EDTA Treated Oil Sardine (Sardinella longiceps), Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and Prawn (Mefapenaeus dobsoni) in Ice Storage
    (Society of Fisheries Technologists(India), Cochin, 1982) Surendran, P.K.; Gopakumar, K.
    The native flora of fresh oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps ) and mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta ) consisted mainly of Pseudomonas spp; Moraxella spp.; Acinetobacter spp. and Vibrio spp. During spoilage in ice, nearly 75% of their bacterial flora belonged to Pseudomonas spp. alone. But Na sub(2) EDTA treatment reduced the proportion of Pseudomonas) spp. considerably and the major bacterial groups at the time of spoilage were Moraxella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. In the case of fresh prawn (Metapenaeus dobsoni ) the native flora were constituted by Pseudomonas spp.; Moraxella spp.; Acenetobacter spp. and Vibrio spp. At the time of spoilage of prawn in ice, Moraxella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. predominated, together constituting 74% of the total population. Na sub(2) EDTA treatment did not alter significantly the spoilage flora of prawns. Morazella) spp. and Acinetobacter spp. accounted for 86% of the spoilage flora in ice storage of Na sub(2) EDTA treated prawns.
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    Succession of bacterial gerera during iced storage of threee species of tropical prawns, P. inducus, M. dobsonu, and M. affinis
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1985) Surendran, P.K.; Mahadeva Iyer, K.; Gopakumar, K.
    The native bacterial flora of ocean fresh tropical prawns, Penaeus indicus, Metapenaeus dobsoni and M. affinis was more or less similar, mainly consisting of Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella and Arthrobacter. A definite succession of bacterial genera during iced storage was observed in these prawns. As the day of ice storage increased, the proportion of Acinetobacter and Moraxella also increased considerably and consituted 70-78% of the flora at the t1me of spoilage. Spodage by Pseudomonas was very msignificant in prawns under iced storage.
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    Occurrence of enterotoxigenic staphylococci in frozen fishery products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1986) Sanjeev, S.; Mahadeva Iyer, K.; Rao, C.C.P.; Arul James, M.
    Sixty six samples of frozen fishery products consisting of frozen crab meat, frozen prawns, frozen cuttle fish and frozen mussel collected from nine cold stores situated in and around Cochin city were examined for coagulase positive staphylococci. Forty eight samples (72.72%) revealed the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci, which were then tested for enterotoxigenity, employing cellophane-over-agar method for· toxin production and optimum-sensitivity-plate (OSP) method for toxin detection. Seventy seven out of one hundred and two (75.49%) coagulase positive staphylococcal isolates from the above products produced enterotoxins A, B, C, D and E either singly or in combinations. Enterotoxin A and D were detected more often than others. The occurrence of enterotoxigenic staphylococci in frozen fishery product is reported for the first time in this country.
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    Isolation of salmonella braendreup (6,7:e, h: e, n, z15) from mussel meat
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1987) Iyer, T.S.G.; Varma, P.R.G.
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    Isolation of salmonella agona (4,12: f, g, 5) from commercial frozen boiled clam meat
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1988) Iyer, T.S.G.; Varma, P.R.G.
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    Incidence and low temperature survival of salmonella in fishery products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1989) Iyer, T.S.G.; shrivastava, K.P.
    Salmonella was isolated from 12 % of PD shrimps, 10 % of HL shrimps, 14 % of PUD shrimps, 17 % of lobsters, 14 % of cuttle fish, 25 % of cat fish and 20 % of seer fish (all frozen) tested. One percent of the fish meal, 4 % of dried non-penaeid prawn and 23 % of sea beach sand showed incidence of the organism. Salmonella was also isolated from 2 and 4 % of the swab samples of utensil surfaces and the floor surface of the processing hall respectively as wen as from 1 % of the process water tested. All the serotypes of Salmonella tested were resistant to freezing at -40°C, but during subsequent storage at - 20°C, there was some difference between the serotypes with regard to their viability, S. paratyphi B being the most resistant which survived upto 9 months while S. saintpaul the least resistant having survival up to 5 months only.
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    On the pattern of salmonella serotypes in fishery products, frog legs and processing environments
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1989) Iyer, T.S.G.; shrivastava, K.P.
    Thirty four different serotypes of Salmonella have been isolated from aquatic products. The number of serotypes from frozen froglegs were 22. Only four serotypes were isolated from frozen shrimps. S. weltevreden predominates in frozen shrimps and fish. S. roan and S. larochelle were isolated for the first time in India. Isolation of six rare serotypes of Salmonella has also been reported.
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    Reliability of escherichia coli and faecal streptococci as indicators of salmonella in frozen fishery products
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1989) Iyer, T.S.G.; shrivastava, K.P.
    The results obtained in the present study suggest that Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci are of little value as indicators of the possible presence of Salmonella in frozen fishery products.
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    Viability of vibrio cholerae in water
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1990) Varma, P.R.G.; Iyer, T.S.G.
    The viability of V. cholerae Inaba and Ogawa in distilled water, municipal water and sea water both at room temperature (28-30°C) and at refrigerated temperatures (5- l0°C) is discussed. The survival varied from 20 h in distilled water at room temperature to 38-40 days in sterile sea water at room temperature. Extended viability was noticed in all cases at refrigerated temperature and maximum viability of 165-170 days was noticed in sterile sea water at 5-l0°C.
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    Microbial quality of fish in retail trade in Cochin
    (Society of Fisheries Technologis(India), 1990) Narayanan Nambiar, V.; Mahadeva Iyer, K.
    Microbial quality of fresh and frozen fish in retail trade in Cochin is presented. 49.4% of the fresh fish and 4.7 % of the frozen fish samples examined had total plate counts more than 5.0 x 105 g' ‘_ Escherichia coli was detected in 89.8% of the fresh fish and 86.6 % of the frozen fish, and their numbers were more than 20 g ' 1 in 78.2 and 21.2% of the samples respectively. Faecal streptococci were detected in all the fresh fish and 87.4 7; of the frozen fish and their numbers were more than 1000g ' 1 in 60.3 and ll % of the samples respectively. Salmonella was detected in 5.8 and 8.7 ‘Z of the fresh and frozen fish samples respectively.
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    Occurence of enteric bacteria in sea water and mussels along the south-west coast of India
    (1990) Ravindran, O.; Gore, P.S.; Iyer, T.S.G.; Varma, P.R.G.; Sankaranarayanan, V.N.
    Distribution or Escherichio coli faecal streptococci. Salmonella and vibrio cholerae at Neendakara, Vizhinjam and Koottappalli (Cape Comorin) during January 1986•January 1987 indicates that dispersion and disappearance of enteric bacteria in these environments are very conspicuous However their residence time in the marine environments from where these samples were canceled during the monsoon season is very high. This is evidenced by their presence in the brown mussel Perna indica collected from the mussel beds of the above locations Salmonella spp. and V. cholerae 01 are totally absent during the study period, but V, cholerae non 01 is observed in some of the mussel samples collected.